NTSB CAROL · Event
Event NYC91LA163
Aircraft involved
Probable cause & findings
THE FAILURE OF THE PILOT TO MAINTAIN VISUAL REFERENCE WITH THE RUNWAY DURING A LANDING, WHICH RESULTED IN A LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL. ALSO CAUSAL TO THE ACCIDENT WAS THE PILOT'S FAILURE TO INITIATE A GO-AROUND, AFTER HE LOST SIGHT OF THE RUNWAY DURING THE TOUCHDOWN. FACTORS RELATED TO THE ACCIDENT WERE THE HEAVY RAIN AND THE LACK OF RUNWAY CENTERLINE LIGHTS.
Factual narrative
N458J WAS LANDING DURING A RAIN SHOWER. AS THE AIRPLANE STARTED TO FLARE FOR LANDING, THE WIND CAUSED IT TO DRIFT TO THE RIGHT. THE PILOT STARTED TO CORRECT THIS DRIFT, AS THE RAIN BECAME HEAVIER. DURING THE TOUCHDOWN, THE PILOT LOST VISUAL REFERENCE WITH THE RUNWAY, YET HE CONTINUED WITH THE LANDING ROLL. THE AIRPLANE DRIFTED OFF THE LEFT SIDE OF THE RUNWAY AND RAN INTO SOFT TERRAIN. Source: NTSB Aviation Accident Database (Pre-2008 Archive) Retrieved: 2026-02-12
Verbatim from NTSB's published report. Source file
NTSB_1991_NYC91LA163.txt.
Findings + structured fields enriched from FAA avall.mdb.
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Related research
What the literature says.
Academic papers and agency reports matching this event's aircraft type or causal vocabulary (go-around). Sourced from NASA NTRS, NTSB Safety Studies, FAA CAMI, AOPA Air Safety Institute, Embry-Riddle Scholarly Commons, arXiv, and the Semantic Scholar academic graph.
- NASA NTRS 2025 · Conference Paper
A Training Study to Improve Monitoring During A Go-Around
As part of an FAA program to improve go-around (GA) safety, we were asked to determine if we could improve the performance of the Pilot Monitoring (PM) during a GA maneuver.
- Flight Safety Foundation 2024 · FSF / AeroSafety World
Go-Around Safety Forum Findings
Foundation Go-Around Safety Forum technical findings — examines why pilots fail to execute go-arounds when criteria are met (stabilized approach gate not met, energy state out of envelope, traffic con…
- Semantic Scholar 2022 · Article (Journal of Safety Research)
Go-around accidents and general aviation safety.
INTRODUCTION Changes in General Aviation (GA) accident rates, specifically in the go-around phase, are examined by comparing the number of accidents, the proportion of fatal accidents, and the proport…
- Semantic Scholar 2021 · Article (Aerospace)
Classification and Analysis of Go-Arounds in Commercial Aviation Using ADS-B Data
Go-arounds are a necessary aspect of commercial aviation and are conducted after a landing attempt has been aborted. It is necessary to conduct go-arounds in the safest possible manner, as go-arounds …
- NASA NTRS 2021 · Accepted Manuscript (Version with final changes)
Go-Around Criteria Refinement for Transport Category Aircraft
Presently, airline pilots are trained to go around if, when lower than 500 ft above the ground, they are outside of a handful of parameters such as airspeed, position, and rate of descent.
- NASA NTRS 2019 · Conference Paper
Validation of Proposed Go-Around Criteria Under Various Environmental Conditions
This paper evaluates the effects of environmental conditions on touchdown performance under varying approach states and validates proposed go-around criteria developed using data from a previously con…
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