CHART_USERS_GUIDE

Aeronautical Information Services Aeronautical Chart Users’ Guide Effective as of 22 January 2026 Federal Aviation Administration

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................6 KEEP YOUR CHARTS CURRENT..............................................................................................6 EFFECTIVE DATE OF CHART USERS’ GUIDE AND UPDATES...............................................6 COLOR VARIATION....................................................................................................................6 REPORTING CHART DISCREPANCIES....................................................................................6 WHAT’S NEW?......................................................................................................8 VFR CHARTS..............................................................................................................................8 IFR ENROUTE CHARTS.............................................................................................................8 TERMINAL PROCEDURE PUBLICATION (TPP)........................................................................8 EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS............................................ 10 WATER FEATURES (HYDROGRAPHY)...................................................................................10 LAND FEATURES (TERRAIN) AND OBSTRUCTIONS............................................................10 LAND FEATURES - MOUNTAIN PASSES................................................................................13 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION..................................................................................................14 AIRPORTS.................................................................................................................................14 AIRSPACE.................................................................................................................................16 FOREIGN AREAS......................................................................................................................19 TERMINAL AREA CHART (TAC) COVERAGE..........................................................................20 INSET AND SPECIAL CHART COVERAGE.............................................................................20 CHART TABULATIONS.............................................................................................................20 VFR SECTIONAL AND TERMINAL AREA CHARTS......................................... 23 AIRPORTS.................................................................................................................................23 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION..................................................................................................25 AIRSPACE INFORMATION.......................................................................................................26 NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION.............................................................32 CULTURE..................................................................................................................................34 HYDROGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................37 RELIEF.......................................................................................................................................40 VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS...................................................................43 GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................................43 AIRPORTS.................................................................................................................................43 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION..................................................................................................43 AIRSPACE INFORMATION.......................................................................................................44 NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION.............................................................47 CULTURE..................................................................................................................................48 BOUNDARIES...........................................................................................................................48 HYDROGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................48 RELIEF.......................................................................................................................................48 3 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS........................................................................50 GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................................50 AIRPORTS.................................................................................................................................50 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION..................................................................................................51 AIRSPACE INFORMATION.......................................................................................................52 NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION.............................................................55 CULTURE..................................................................................................................................56 CARIBBEAN VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS (CAC)....................................... 58 AIRSPACE...........................................................................................................60 EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS.......................................................63 AIRPORTS.................................................................................................................................63 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION..................................................................................................65 AIRSPACE INFORMATION.......................................................................................................67 INSTRUMENT AIRWAYS...........................................................................................................68 FOREIGN AREAS......................................................................................................................73 TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS.............................................................................73 AIRPORTS.................................................................................................................................75 IFR ENROUTE LOW / HIGH ALTITUDE SYMBOLS (U.S., PACIFIC AND ALASKA CHARTS).............................................................................................................75 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION..................................................................................................76 AIRSPACE INFORMATION.......................................................................................................81 NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION.............................................................94 CULTURE..................................................................................................................................95 HYDROGRAPHY.......................................................................................................................95 TOPOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................95 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION............................................... 97 EXPLANATION OF TPP TERMS AND SYMBOLS....................................................................97 INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE CHART.................................................................98 PLANVIEW...............................................................................................................................105 PROFILE VIEW........................................................................................................................116 LANDING MINIMUMS..............................................................................................................120 AIRPORT DIAGRAMS.............................................................................................................122 DEPARTURE PROCEDURES (DPs).......................................................................................124 STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STARs) CHARTS.............................................................125 CHARTED VISUAL FLIGHT PROCEDURE (CVFP) CHARTS................................................125 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION SYMBOLS.......................... 126 GENERAL INFORMATION......................................................................................................126 PLANVIEW SYMBOLS............................................................................................................126 PROFILE VIEW........................................................................................................................128 STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STAR) CHARTS..............................................................129 4 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS...........................................................................130 AIRPORT DIAGRAM/AIRPORT SKETCH...............................................................................131 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM...........................................................................................132 REFERENCES...................................................................................................135 ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................137 5 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION This Chart Users’ Guide is an introduction to the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) aeronautical charts and publica­ tions. It is useful to new pilots as a learning aid, and to experienced pilots as a quick reference guide. The FAA is the source for all data and information utilized in the publishing of aeronautical charts through authorized pub­ lishers for each stage of Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) air navigation including training, plan­ ning, departures, enroute (for low and high altitudes), approaches, and taxiing charts. Digital charts are available online at: • VFR Charts • IFR Charts • Terminal Procedures Publication • Chart Supplements Paper copies of the charts are available through an FAA Approved Print Provider. A complete list of current providers is available at http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/print_providers/. The FAA Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Pilot/Controller Glossary defines all terms and abbreviations used throughout this publication. Unless otherwise indicated, miles are nautical miles (NM), altitudes indicate feet above Mean Sea Level (MSL), and times used are Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) alert pilots to time-critical aeronautical information that is either temporary or not sufficiently known in advance to permit publication on aeronautical charts or in other operational publications. Pilots can access NOTAM information via Flight Service Stations (FSS) or online via NOTAM Search at https://notams.aim.faa.gov/notam­ Search/. In addition to NOTAMs, the Safety Alerts/Charting Notices page of the Aeronautical Information Services website is also useful to pilots. KEEP YOUR CHARTS CURRENT Aeronautical information changes rapidly, so it is impor­ tant that pilots check the effective dates on each aeronau­ tical chart and publication. To avoid danger, it is important to always use current editions and discard obsolete charts and publications. To confirm that a chart or publication is current, refer to the next scheduled edition date printed on the cover. In addition to the published edition dates, the time 0901Z is specified as the changeover time for updated aeronauti­ cal information and products in the United States. The 0901Z time of day, selected due to its historically lower overall volume of air traffic, is crucial for both pilots and air traffic controllers to ensure all aircraft are using the same current chart or publication. Pilots should also check NOTAMs for important updates between chart and publication cycles that are essential for safe flight. EFFECTIVE DATE OF CHART USERS’ GUIDE AND UPDATES All information in this guide is effective as of 22 January 2026. All graphics used in this guide are for educational purposes. Chart symbology may not be to scale. Please do not use them for flight navigation. COLOR VARIATION Although the digital files are compiled in accordance with charting specifications, the final product may vary slightly in appearance due to differences in printing techniques/pro­ cesses and/or digital display techniques. REPORTING CHART DISCREPANCIES Your experience as a pilot is valuable and your feedback is important. We make every effort to display accurate informa­ tion on all FAA charts and publications, so we appreciate your input. Please notify us concerning any requests for changes, or potential discrepancies you see while using our charts and related products. FAA, Aeronautical Information Services Telephone Toll-Free 1-800-638-8972 Aeronautical Inquires: https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/ flight_info/aeronav/aero_data/Aeronautical_Inquiries/ 6 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Introduction

7 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Introduction

WHAT’S NEW? Update as of 22 January 2026 The following charting items have been added to the Chart Users’ Guide since the Guide was last published on 12 June 2025: VFR CHARTS No Significant Changes Applied IFR ENROUTE CHARTS Alaska Capstone Routes (R Routes) on Alaska Enroute Low Altitude Charts: Starting with the August 7, 2025 publication date, Capstone (R Routes) were published on the L-1 Alaska Enroute Low Chart. The Capstone program is an initiative to enhance safety and improve the efficient use of the navigable airspace in Alaska. The R Routes and associated notes are published in green to differentiate them from other types of routes in the area. See Chart Users’ Guide p.72. TERMINAL PROCEDURE PUBLICATION (TPP) Updated Comparable Values of RVR and Visibility Table: On the October 2, 2025 publication date, a change was made to the TPP Legend Terms/Landing Minima Data page. Additional guidance for making visibility adjustments was added to the Comparable Values of RVR and Visibility section. Additionally, to ensure compliance with 14 CFR 91.175, the RVR values that are published in the CFR are called out in the TPP table. See Chart Users’ Guide p.120. Removal of Redundant Communication Data on Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts: Beginning with the October 2, 2025 publication date, locations that have a published Airport Diagram will no longer chart Departure ATIS, CLNC DEL, or CPDLC on the IAP charts (Charting Notice 25-06). 8 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - What’s New

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - What’s New 9

EXPLANATION OF VFR TERMS AND SYMBOLS This chapter covers the Sectional Aeronautical Chart (Sectional). These charts include the most current data at a scale of (1:500,000), which is large enough to be read easily by pilots flying by sight under Visual Flight Rules. Sectionals are named after a major city within its area of coverage. The chart legend includes aeronautical symbols and information about drainage, terrain, the contour of the land, and elevation. You can learn to identify aeronautical, topographical, and obstruction symbols (such as radio and television tow­ ers) by using the legend. A brief description next to a small black square indicates the exact location for many of the landmarks easily recognized from the air, such as stadiums, pumping stations, refineries, etc. A small black open circle with descriptive type indicates oil, gas or mineral wells. A small black circle with descriptive type indicates water, oil or gas tanks. The scale for some items may be increased to make them easier to read on the chart. Aeronautical Information Services' charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Committee (IAC) and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Department of Defense (DoD). WATER FEATURES (HYDROGRAPHY) Water features are depicted using two tones of blue, and are considered either "Open Water" or "Inland Water." "Open Water," a lighter blue tone, shows the shoreline limitations of all coastal water features at the average (mean) high water levels for oceans and seas. Light blue also represents the connecting waters like bays, gulfs, sounds and large estuaries. Exceptionally large lakes like the Great Lakes, Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee, etc., are considered Open Water features. The Open Water tone extends inland as far as necessary to adjoin the darker blue "Inland Water" tones. All other bodies of water are marked as "Inland Water" in the darker blue tone. LAND FEATURES (TERRAIN) AND OBSTRUCTIONS The elevation and configuration of the Earth's surface is important to pilots. Our Aeronautical Information Specialists are devoted to showing the contour of the earth and any obstructions clearly and accurately on our charts. We use five differ­ ent techniques: contour lines, shaded relief, color tints, obstruction symbols, and Maximum Elevation Figures (MEF). 1. Contour lines join points of equal elevation. On Sectionals, basic contours are spaced at 500' intervals. Intermediate contours are typically at 250' intervals in moderately level or gently rolling areas. Auxiliary contours at 50', 100', 125', or 150' intervals occasionally show smaller relief features in areas of relatively low relief. The pattern of these lines and their spacing gives the pilot a visual concept of the terrain. Widely spaced contours represent gentle slopes, while closely spaced contours represent steep slopes. 2. Shaded relief shows how terrain may appear from the air. Shadows are shown as if light is

coming from the northwest, because studies have shown that our visual perception has been conditioned to this view. 10 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols 3. Different color tints show bands of elevation relative to sea level. These colors range from light green for the lower elevations, to dark brown for the higher elevations. 4. Obstruction symbols show man made vertical features that could affect safe navigation. The FAA maintains a database of obstacles. Aeronautical Specialists evaluate each obstacle based on chart­ ing specifications before adding it to a a visual chart. When a Specialist is not able to verify the position or elevation of an obstacle, it is marked UC, meaning it is "under construction" or being reported, but has not been verified. The FAA uses a Digital Obstacle File (DOF) to collect and disseminate data. Because land and obstructions frequently change, the source data on obstructions and terrain is occasionally incomplete or not accurate enough for use in aeronautical publications. For example, when the FAA receives notification about an ob­ struction, and there is insufficient detail to determine its position and elevation, the FAA Flight Edit Program conducts an investigation. The Flight Edit crew visually verifies the cultural, topographic, and obstacle data. Charts are generally flight- checked every four years. This review includes checking for any obstruction that has been recently built, altered, or dismantled without proper notification. Wind Turbines. Obstacles 1000’ AGL or greater. Obstacles less than 1000’ AGL. Sectional Charts and Terminal Area (TACs) typically show man-made obstacles extending more than 200' Above Ground Level (AGL), or more than 299' AGL in yellow city tint. Obstacles may be lit or unlit. Features considered to be hazardous obstacles to low-level flight are; smokestacks, tanks, factories, lookout towers, antennas, and wind turbines, etc. Man-made features used by FAA Air Traffic Control as checkpoints use a graphic symbol shown in black with the required elevation data in blue. The elevation of the top of the obstacle above Mean Sea Level (MSL) and the height of the structure (AGL) is also indicated (when known or can be reliably determined by a Specialist). The AGL height is in parentheses below the MSL elevation. In extremely congested areas, the FAA typically omits the AGL values to avoid confusion. Group Obstacle Symbol Whenever possible, the FAA depicts specific obstacles on charts. However, in high-density areas like city complexes, only the highest obstacle is represented on the chart using the group obstacle symbol to maximize legibility.

If space is available the AGL height of the obstruction is shown in parentheses. Obstacles under construction are indicated by placing the letters UC adjacent to the obstacle type.

Guy wires may extend outward from obstacles. Wind turbines with high intensity lighting. Obstacles with high-intensity strobe lighting systems may operate part-time or by proximity activation and are shown as follows: 2894 UC Concentrated obstructions of wind turbine farms shall be portrayed by an overlying hatched area and dotted outline to represent the approximate parameters of the farm. One or more single turbine symbols will populate the farm. A boxed elevation figure representing the MSL elevation of the highest wind turbine within the area shall be placed inside the farm or, if space is limited, just outside. Pilots are reminded that wind turbine blades and/or blade tips are not lighted. Wind turbine obstruction lights are located on top of the nacelle (generator) at the hub of wind turbines, which in some cases can be 200-300’ below the rotating blade tips. 11

5. The Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) represents the highest elevation within a quadrant,

including terrain and other vertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.). A quadrant on Sectionals is the area bounded by ticked lines dividing each 30 minutes of latitude and each 30 minutes of longitude. MEF figures are rounded up to the nearest 100' value and the last two digits of the number are not shown. MEFs over land and open water areas are used in areas containing man-made obstacles such as oil rigs. In the determination of MEFs, the FAA uses extreme care to calculate the values based on the existing elevation data shown on source material. Aeronautical Information Specialists use the following procedure to calculate MEFs: MEF - Man-made Obstacle When a man-made obstacle is more than 200' above the highest terrain within the quadrant: 1. Determine the elevation of the top of the obstacle above MSL. 2. Add the possible vertical error of the source material to the above figure (100’ or 1/2 contour interval when inter­ val on source exceeds 200’. U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle Maps with contour intervals as small as 10’ are normally used). 3. Round the resultant figure up to the next higher hundred-foot level. Example:

Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) 2649 Possible obstacle error +100 equals 2749 Raise to the following 100’ level 2800 Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF)

12 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols MEF - Natural Terrain Feature or Natural Vertical Obstacle When a natural terrain feature or natural vertical obstacle (e.g. a tree) is the highest feature within the quadrangle: 1. Determine the elevation of the feature. 2. Add the possible vertical error of the source to the above figure (100’ or 1/2 the contour interval when interval on source exceeds 200’). 3. Add a 200’ allowance for uncharted natural or manmade obstacles. Chart specifications don’t require the portrayal of obstacles below minimum height. 4. Round the figure up to the next higher hundred- foot level. Example:

Elevation of obstacle top (MSL) 13161 Possible vertical error +100 Obstacle Allowance +200 equals 13461 Raise to the following 100’ level 13500 Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) Pilots should be aware that while the MEF is based on the best information available to the Specialist, the figures are not verified by field surveys. Also, users should consult the Aeronautical Information Services website to ensure that your chart has the latest MEF data available. LAND FEATURES - MOUNTAIN PASSES The Mountain Pass symbol does not indicate a recommended route or direction of flight, and pass elevation does not indicate a recommended clearance altitude. Hazardous flight conditions may exist within and near mountain passes. For high-traffic mountain passes, VFR Checkpoints may be provided to increase situational awareness by indicating key landmarks inside confined terrain. A collocated VFR Waypoint and Check­ point may be provided to assist with identifying natural entry points for commonly flown mountain passes. 13

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION On VFR Charts, information about radio aids to navigation (NAVAID) are boxed, as illustrated. Duplication of data is avoided. When two or more radio aids in a general area have the

same name with different frequencies, Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) channel numbers, or identification letters, and no misinterpretation can result, the name of the radio aid may be indicated only once within the identification box. Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) NAVAID names and identification boxes (shown in blue) take precedence. Only those items that differ (e.g., frequency, Morse Code) are repeated in the box in the appropriate color. The choice of separate or combined boxes is made in each case on the basis of economy of space and clear identification of the radio aids. A NAVAID that is physically located on an airport may not always be represented as a

typical NAVAID symbol. A small open circle indicates the NAVAID location when collocated with an airport icon. The type of NAVAID will be identified by: "VOR," (VHF Omni-Directional Range) "VORTAC" (VOR Tactical Aircraft Control), "VOR-DME," (VOR-Distance Measuring Equipment) or “DME” (Distance Measuring Equipment) positioned on and breaking the top line of the NAVAID box. DMEs are shown without the compass rose. AIRPORTS Airports in the following categories are charted as indicated (additional symbols are shown later in this Section). Public use airports: Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069’ or some multiple runways less than 8069’ Hard-surfaced runways 1500’ to 8069’

Other than hard-surfaced runways

Seaplane bases Military airports: Other than hard-surfaced runways Foreign airports:

Hard-surfaced runways are depicted the same as public-use airports. U.S. military airports are identified by abbreviations such as AAF (Army Air Field), AFB (Air Force Base), MCAS (Marine Corps Air Station), NAS (Naval Air Station), NAV (Naval Air Facility), and NAAS (Naval Auxiliary Air Station). Fuel Available: Fuel availability indicated by use of tick marks around the basic airport symbol. Consult Chart Supplement for details and availability. Other airports with or without fuel: 14 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols Airports are plotted in their true geographic position unless the symbol conflicts with a NAVAID at the same location. In such cases, the airport symbol will be displaced, but the relationship between the airport and the NAVAID will be retained. When a waypoint is collocated with a towered airport, the waypoint symbol will not be charted and the waypoint name followed by (WP) will be shown leadered to the waypoint true location. When depicting a seaplane base, the eye of the anchor symbol will be charted as close to the docking area as possible, with the remainder of the symbol in the water. Airports are identified by their official FAA designated name.

UNICOM

The elevation of an airport is the highest point on the usable portion of the landing areas. Runway length is the length of the longest active runway, including displaced thresholds and excluding overruns. Runway length is shown to the nearest 100', using 70 as the rounding point; a runway 8070' in length is charted as 81, while a runway 8069' in length is charted as 80. If an airport has waterways, it will be indicated by a seaplane base symbol and additional elevation, lighting, and length information under primary airport information. Flight Service Station on field Elevation in feet Airports where fixed wing special VFR operations are prohibited (shown above airport name) FAR 91 Lighting in operation Sunset to Sunrise Indicates FAR 93 Special Air Traffic Rules and Airport Traffic Pattern Lighting limitations exist; refer to Chart Supple­ ment Location Identifier Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet; usable length may be less ICAO Location Identifier Aeronautical advisory station Control Tower (CT) - primary frequency Runways with Right Traffic Patterns (public use) Star indicates operation part-time. See tower frequencies tabulation for hours of operation See Chart Supplement Follows the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) VFR Advisory Service Shown when ATIS is not available and frequency is other than the primary CT frequency Automatic Terminal Information Services Weather Camera (Alaska) Automatic Flight Information Service Airport of Entry Automated Surface Weather Observing Systems; shown when full-time ATIS is not available When information is lacking, the respective character is replaced by a dash. Lighting codes refer to runway edge lights and may not repre­ sent the longest runway or full length lighting. Airports with Control Towers (CT) and their related data are shown in blue. All other airports and their related data are shown in magenta. The symbol indicates that runway lights are on from dusk to dawn. indicates that the pilot must consult the Chart Supplement to determine runway lighting limitations, such as: available on request (by radio-call, letter, phone, etc), part-time lighting, or pilot/airport controlled lighting. Lighting codes refer to runway edge lights. The lighted runway may not be the longest runway available, and lights may not be illuminated along the full length of the runway. The Chart Supplement has a detailed description of airport and air navigation lighting aids for each airport. A dash represents no runway edge lights. The symbol indicates the existence of a rotating or flashing airport beacon operating from dusk to dawn. The Aeronau­ tical Information Manual (AIM) thoroughly explains the types and uses of airport lighting aids. 15

Right traffic information is shown using the abbreviation 'RP' for right pattern, followed by the appropriate runway number(s) (RP 18). Special conditions or restrictions to the right pattern are indicated by the use of an asterisk (*RP) to direct the pilot to the Chart Supplement for special instructions and/or restrictions. The type “OBJECTIONABLE” associated with an airport symbol indicates that an objectionable airspace determination has been made for the airport per FAA JO 7400.2 Section 4, Airport Charting and Publication of Airport Data. Objection­ able airspace determinations are based upon a number of factors including conflicting traffic patterns with another airport, hazardous runway conditions, or natural or man-made obstacles in close proximity to the landing area. FAA Regional Airports Offices are responsible for airspace determinations. Address any challenges to objectionable airspace determina­ tions to your FAA Regional Airports Office. AIRSPACE CONTROLLED AIRSPACE Controlled airspace consists of those areas where some or all aircraft may be subject to air traffic control, such as: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E Surface (SFC) and Class E Airspace. Class A Airspace within the United States extends from 18,000' up to FL600. While visual charts do not depict Class A, it is important to note its existence. Class B Airspace is shown on the Sectional Aeronautical Chart (Sectional) and Terminal Area Chart (TAC). The MSL ceiling and floor altitudes of each sector are shown in solid blue figures with the last two zeros omitted. Floors extending "upward from above" a certain altitude are preceded by a (+). Operations at and below these altitudes are outside of Class B Airspace. Radials and arcs used to define Class B are prominently shown on TACs. Detailed rules and requirements associated with the particular Class B are shown. The name by which the Class B is shown as for example. Class C Airspace is shown on Sectionals and TACs. The MSL ceiling and floor altitudes of each sector are shown in solid magenta figures with the last two zeros eliminated. A ceiling value of “T” indicates the ceiling is to, but not including, the floor of the overlying Class B airspace. Surface. Class C Airspace is identified by name: Separate notes, enclosed in magenta boxes, give the approach control frequencies to be used by arriving VFR aircraft to establish two-way radio communication before entering the Class C (generally within 20 NM): Class C operating less than continuous is indicated by the following note: Class D Airspace is identified with a blue dashed line. Class D operating less than continuous is indicated by the follow­ ing note: Ceilings of Class D are shown as follows: A minus in front of the figure is used to indicate "from surface to, but not including..." 16 FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace is symbolized with a magenta dashed line. Class E (SFC) operating less than continu­ ous is indicated by the following note: Class E Airspace exists at 1200' AGL unless designated otherwise. The lateral and vertical

limits of all Class E, (up to, but not including 18,000') are shown by narrow bands of vignette on Sectionals and TACs. Controlled airspace floors of 700' above the ground are defined by a magenta vignette; floors other than 700' that laterally abut uncontrolled airspace (Class G) are defined by a blue vignette; differing floors greater than 700' above the ground are annotated by a symbol and a number indicating the floor.

If the ceiling is less than 18,000' MSL, the value (preceded by the word "ceiling") is shown along the limits of the controlled airspace. These limits are shown with the same symbol indicated above. UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE Class G Airspace within the United States extends up to 14,500' Mean Sea Level. At and above this altitude is Class E, excluding the airspace less than 1500' above the terrain and certain special use airspace areas. SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Special Use Airspace (SUA) confines certain flight activities and re­ stricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operating within specific boundar­ ies. Except for Controlled Firing Areas, SUA areas are depicted on VFR Charts. Controlled Firing Areas are not charted because their activities are suspended immediately when spotter aircraft, radar, or ground lookout positions indicate an aircraft might be approaching the area. Nonparticipating aircraft are not required to change their flight paths. SUA areas are shown in their entirety (within the limits of the chart), even when they overlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated within another area. The areas are identified by type and identifying name/ number, and are positioned either within or immediately adjacent to the area. * Alert Areas do not extend into Class A, B, C and D airspace, or Class E airport surface areas. OTHER AIRSPACE AREAS Mode C Required Airspace (from the surface to 10,000' MSL) within a 30 NM radius of the primary airport(s) for which a Class B is designated, is depicted by a solid magenta line. MO DE C & AD S- B OU T 30 N M Mode C is required, but not depicted for operations within and above all Class C up to 10,000' MSL. Enroute Mode C requirements (at and above 10,000' MSL except in airspace at and below 2500' AGL) are not depicted. See FAR 91.215 and the AIM. FAR 93 Airports and heliports under Federal Aviation Regulation 93 (FAR 93), (Special Air Traffic Rules and

Airport Traffic Patterns), are shown by "boxing" the airport name. FAR 91 Airports where fixed wing special visual flight rules operations are prohibited (FAR 91) are shown with the type "NO SVFR" above the airport name. Miscellaneous Activity Areas are indicated with the symbols illustrated on p. 31. The charting of a symbol in the area of an airport indicates both miscellaneous activity and regular air operations may be present at these locations. Due to the wide range of hazards associated with these areas, pilots are expected to check NOTAMs prior to flight for additional information regarding the airspace. 17

National Security Areas indicated with a broken magenta line and Special Flight Rules Areas (SFRAs) in­ dicated with the following symbol: , consist of airspace with defined vertical and lateral dimensions estab­ lished at locations where there is a requirement for increased security and safety of ground facilities. Pilots should avoid flying through these depicted areas. When necessary, flight may be temporarily prohibited. The Washington DC Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ) is related to National Security. It is depicted using the Prohibited/ Restricted/Warning Area symbology and is located within the SFRA. It is defined as the airspace within approximately a 13 to 15 NM radius of the DCA VOR-DME. Additional requirements are levied upon aviators requesting access to operate inside the National Capital Region. Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Areas Relating to National Security are indicated with a broken blue line . A Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) is a type of Notice to Airmen (NOTAM). A TFR defines an area where air travel is restricted due to a hazardous condition, a special event, or a general warning for the entire airspace. The text of the actual TFR contains the fine points of the restriction. It is important to note that only TFRs relating to National Secu­ rity are charted. Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) are symbolized using the ADIZ symbol: . As defined in Code of Federal Regulations 14 (CFR 14) Part 99, an ADIZ is an area in which the ready identification, location, and control of all aircraft is required in the interest of national security. ADIZ boundaries include Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the Contiguous U.S. National Defense Airspace Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Areas are bounded with cross hatching: . These areas include airspace that is subject to routine TFRs published as NOTAMs that have a 12+ month duration. Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs) are shown in their entirety, symbolized by a screened black outline of the entire area including the various sectors within the area . The outer limit of the entire Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) is a continuous screened black line. The various sec­ tors within the TRSA are symbolized by narrower screened black lines. Each sector altitude is identified in solid black color by the MSL ceiling and floor values of the respective sector, elimi­ nating the last two zeros. A leader line is used when the altitude values must be positioned outside the respective sec­ tors because of charting space limitations. The TRSA name is shown near the north position of the TRSA as follows: . Associated frequencies are listed in a table on the chart border. Military Training Routes (MTRs) are shown on Sectionals and TACs. They are identified by the route designator: . Route designators are shown in solid black on the route centerline, positioned along the route for continuity. The designator IR or VR is not repeated when two or more routes are established over the same airspace, e.g., IR201-205-227. Routes numbered 001 to 099 are shown as IR1 or VR99, eliminating the initial zeros. Direction of flight along the route is indicated by small arrowheads adjacent to and in conjunction with each route designator. The following note appears on Helicopters, Sectionals and TACs except for Hawaiian Islands, which is different.

There are IFR (IR) and VFR (VR) routes as follows:

Route identification: a. MTRs with no segment above 1500' are identified by four-digit numbers; e.g., VR1007, etc. These routes are generally developed to be flown under Visual Flight Rules. b. MTRs that include one or more segments above 1500' AGL are identified by three or fewer digit numbers; e.g., IR21, etc. These routes are developed to be flown, to the maximum extent possible under Instrument Flight Rules. 18 FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols

FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols Route width varies for each MTR and can extend several miles on either side of the charted MTR centerline. Detailed route width information is available in the Flight Information Publication (FLIP) AP/1B (a Department of Defense publica­ tion), or through the 56 Day NASR Subscription from the National Flight Data Center (NFDC). Special Military Activity areas are indicated on Sectionals by an underlying IFR Military Training Route with the lateral limits of the route shown by a gray Special Use Airspace symbol. A boxed note accompanies the area. The note contains radio frequency and route identifier information to use for obtaining area activity status.

SPECIAL MILITARY ACTIVITY FOR IR850, IR851, IR852 CTC BANGOR RADIO ON 122.4 255.4 FOR ACTIVITY STATUS The following guidance appears in the margin of applicable Sectional Charts. The chart identifies IFR Military Training Routes and Military Operations Area within which the Department of Defense conducts periodic operations involving Unmanned Aircraft Systems. These aircraft may be accompanied by military or other aircraft which provide the pilots of the Unmanned Aircraft Systems visual observation information about other aircraft operations near them. Status of these routes and areas may be obtained by contacting the FAA/DoD facility on designated frequencies along the IFR route, referencing the identifier, e.g., IR214 as depicted on this chart. The lateral limits of these specified routes are shown by the Special Use Airspace symbol. Altitudes for these route segments are also shown. SPECIAL MILITARY ACTIVITY FOREIGN AREAS The data depicted in areas outside the U.S. is skeletonized on all VFR aeronautical charts. Only major airports, NAVAIDs, and airways are charted in foreign areas in screened black. Cultural features, hydrographic information and geographic relief are depicted in subdued and different shades of gray. A note regarding the expectation of the use of foreign charts and flight information publications is depicted along the boundary. 19

TERMINAL AREA CHART (TAC) COVERAGE TAC coverage is shown on appropriate Sectionals by a 1/4" masked line as indicated below. Within this area pilots should use TACs, which provide greater detail. A note indicating that the area is on the TAC appears near the masked boundary line.

INSET AND SPECIAL CHART COVERAGE Inset and Special Chart Coverage (.i.e., Grand Canyon Chart) is shown on appropriate Sectionals by a 1/8" masked line as indicated below. A note to this effect appears near the masked boundary line. (Additional examples shown in VFR Sec­ tional and Terminal Charts > Navigational and Procedural Information > Chart Limits.)

CHART TABULATIONS Airport Tower Communications are provided in a columnized tabulation for all tower-controlled airports that appear on the respective chart. Airport names are listed alphabetically. If the airport is military, the type of airfield, e.g., AAF, AFB, NAS, is shown after the airfield name. In addition to the airport name, tower operating hours, primary Very High Fre­ quency/Ultra High Frequency (VHF/UHF) local Control Tower (CT), Ground Control (GND CON), and Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) frequencies, when available, will be given. Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR) and/or Precision Approach Radar (PAR) procedures are listed when available. Approach Control Communications are provided in a columnized tabulation listing Class B, Class C, Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSA) and Selected Approach Control Facilities when available. Primary VHF/UHF frequencies are pro­ vided for each facility. Sectorization occurs when more than one frequency exists and/or is approach direction dependent. Availability of service hours is also provided. Special Use Airspace (SUA): Prohibited, Restricted and Warning Areas are presented in blue and listed numerically for U.S. and other countries. A tabulation of Alert Areas (listed numerically) and Military Operations Areas (MOA) (listed alphabetically) appear on the chart in magenta. All are supplemented with altitude, time of use and the controlling agency/ contact facility, and its frequency when available. Users need to be aware that a NOTAM addressing activation will NOT be issued to announce permanently listed times of use. The controlling agency will be shown when the contact facility and frequency data is unavailable. 20 FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols

FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols Airport Name Hours of Operation (local time) Frequencies (VHF/UHF) Runway dependent Approach direction dependent Radar Instrument Approach available Airspace Name VHF/UHF VHF/UHF { { { { VHF UHF{ { Sectors for VHF and UHF traffic local time Sunrise to Sunset Frequencies (VHF/UHF) Radar Approach Control { NOT FOR NAVIGATION { 21

FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Terms and Symbols 22

VFR SECTIONAL AND TERMINAL AREA CHARTS GENERAL INFORMATION The symbols shown in this section illustrate those that appear in the Sectional Aeronautical Charts (Sectionals) and Terminal Area Charts (TACs). The same symbology is utilized in VFR Flyway Planning Charts, Helicopter Route Charts and Caribbean Aeronautical Charts (CACs), however the scale of the symbols may be different due to the particular chart scales. Where symbology is distinctive to a given chart, examples and explanations are given in the additional examples. These charts are updated every 56 days. AIRPORTS Landplane: Civil Non-Towered Towered Airports having control towers (CT) are shown in blue, all others are shown in magenta. All recognizable runways, including some that may be closed, are shown for visual identification purposes. Fuel available. Runway patterns will be depicted at airports with at least one hard surfaced runway 1500´ or greater in length. Landplane: Civil-Military

Landplane: Military Non-Towered Towered Refueling and repair facilities not indicated. Heliport Non-Towered Towered (Selected) Foreign Foreign Airport Note NOTE: Airports outside the U.S. Flight Information Region (FIR) are shown with the standard symbol. Only the airport names and ICAO identifiers are shown.

Non-Towered Towered

Landplane: Landmark Value

Fuel not available or Complete information is not available.

PUBLIC USE - (Soft surfaced runway, or hard surfaced runway less than 1500’ in length.) Fuel not available.

RESTRICTED OR PRIVATE - (Soft surfaced runway, or hard surfaced runway less than 1500’ in length.) Non-public use having landmark value. 23

Appropriate note as required for hard surfaced runways only: “(CLOSED)” OBJECTIONABLE is an airport that has an airspace determina­ tion based upon a number of factors including conflicting traffic patterns with another airport, hazardous runway conditions, or natural or man-made obstacles in close proximity to the landing area. UNVERIFIED - A landing area available but warranting more than ordinary precaution due to:

(1) lack of current information on field conditions,

and/or

(2) available information indi­ cates peculiar operating limita­ tions. ABANDONED - Depicted for landmark value or to prevent confusion with an adjacent us­ able landing area. (Normally at least 3000’ paved). FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Charts

Ultralight Flight Park (Selected)

AIRPORTS (Continued) Seaplane

Airport Data Grouping Boxed airport name indicates airport for which a Special Traffic Rule has been established. (Pvt): Non-public use having landmark value. “OBJECTIONABLE”: This airport may adversely affect airspace use. Facility No Fuel Facility With Fuel Non-Towered Towered Facility With Runway and Waterway UNICOM UNICOM Flight Service Station on field

Airports where fixed wing special VFR opera­ tions are prohibited (shown above airport name) FAR 91

Indicates FAR 93 Special Air Traffic Rules and Airport Traffic Pattern

Location Identifier

ICAO Location Identifier

Control Tower (CT) - primary frequency

Star indicates operation part-time. See tower frequencies tabulation for hours of operation

Follows the Common Traffic Advisory Fre­ quency (CTAF)

Automatic Terminal Information Services Automatic Flight Information Service

Automated Surface Weather Observing Systems; shown when full-time ATIS is not available. Elevation in feet

Lighting in operation Sunset to Sunrise

Lighting limitations exist; refer to Chart Supplement

Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet; usable length may be less.

Aeronautical advisory station Runways with Right Traffic Patterns (public use)

See Chart Supplement

VFR Advisory Service Shown when ATIS is not available and frequency is other than the primary CT frequency.

Weather Camera (Alaska)

Airport of Entry When information is lacking. the respective character is replaced by a dash. Lighting codes refer to runway edge lights and may not represent the longest runway or full length lighting. 24 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION VOR

Operates less than contiuous or On-Request Underline indicates no voice on this frequency VORTAC

When an NDB NAVAID shares the same name and Morse Code as the VOR NAVAID the frequency can be col­ located inside the same box to conserve space. VOR-DME

Crosshatch indicates Shutdown status DME

DME co-located at an airport Note: DMEs are shown without the compass rose. Compass Rose

Compass Rose is “reference” oriented to magnetic north Example of VOR NAVAID co-located at airport Non-Directional Radio Beacon (NDB)

NDB-DME

NAVAID Used To Define Class B Airspace ILS Components ILS-DME

TAC - Shown when used in description of Class B airspace. Compass Rosette

Shown only in areas void of VOR roses. Compass rosette will be based on the five year epoch magnetic variation model. 25 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (Continued) Automated Weather Broadcast Services

VHF/UHF LF/MF

Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) / Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). Flight Service Station (FSS)

Heavy line box indicates Flight Service Station (FSS). Frequencies 121.5, 122.2 and 243.0 are avail­ able at many Alaskan FSSs and are not shown above boxes. All other frequencies are shown. Frequen­ cies transmit and receive except those followed by an R. R - receive only Off Airport AWOS/ASOS

Broadcast Stations (BS)

On request by the proper au­ thority or when a VFR Check­ point Remote Communications Outlet (RCO)

FSS Radio providing voice communications

Frequencies above thin line box are remoted to NAVAID site. Other frequen­ cies at FSS providing voice communication may be available determined by altitude and terrain. Consult Chart Supplement for complete information. Thin line box with­ out frequencies and controlling FSS name indicates no FSS frequency available. AIRSPACE INFORMATION Class B Airspace Sectional

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL are shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215 / AIM) Terminal Area Chart (TAC)

All mileages are nautical (NM). All radials are magnetic. 26 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Class C Airspace

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/ AIM) Class E Airspace The limits of Class E airspace shall be shown by narrow vignettes or by the dashed magenta symbol. Individual units of designated airspace are not necessarily shown; instead, the aggre­ gate lateral and vertical limits shall be defined by the following: Airspace beginning at the surface designated for airports and extension areas. Airspace beginning at 700 feet AGL

that laterally abuts 1200 feet or higher Class E Airspace. Airspace beginning at 700 feet AGL that laterally abuts uncontrolled (Class G) airspace.

Airspace beginning at 1200 feet AGL

that laterally abuts uncontrolled (Class G) airspace. Differentiates floors of airspace greater than 700 feet above the surface. When the ceiling is less than 18,000 feet MSL, the value prefixed by the word “CEILING”, shall be shown along the limits. Class D Airspace Altitude in hundreds of feet MSL (A minus in front of the figure is used to indicate “from surface to but not including...”) Airspace beginning at the surface designated for airports and extension areas.

Airspace beginning at the surface with an airspace exclusion area where Class E airspace is ex­ cluded below 1200’ MSL. 27 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Class E Airspace (Continued) Low Altitude Airways VOR and LF/MF (Class E Airspace) Low altitude Federal Airways are indicated by centerline. Only the controlled airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown Miscellaneous Air Routes Combined Federal Airway/RNAV 2 “T” Routes are identified in solid blue type adjacent to the solid magenta federal airway iden­ tification. The joint route symbol is screened magenta. Flight Information Regions (FIR)

MEXICO FIR MMFR NEW YORK OCEANIC CTA/FIR KZNY WINNIPEG FIR CZWG OAKLAND OCEANIC CONTROL AREA MONTERREY CTA SECTOR 3

Oceanic Control Areas (OCA) Control Areas (CTA)

Offshore Control Areas

Foreign Airspace Note

28 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Special Conservation Areas National Park, Wildlife

Refuge, Primitive and Wilderness Areas, etc. Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) Relating to National Security Example: Washington DC Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Note: Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with International Boundary, projection lines or other linear features. Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Relating to National Security Example: Washington DC Appropriate notes as required may be shown. NOAA Regulated National

Marine Sanctuary Designated Areas

29 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA)

Special Use Airspace

Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown. The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space permits. * Alert Areas do not extend into Class A, B, C and D airspace, or Class E airport surface areas. Special Air Traffic Rules / Airport Patterns (FAR Part 93)

Appropriate boxed note as required shown adjacent to area. Inside the FAR Part 93 boundary area, the cross hatching is at a 45 degree angle. The hypsometric tint shall be masked within the area around the yellow city tint when applicable (should not be confused with white glacier tint). Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ) Relating to National Security

National Security Area

FOR REASONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY PILOTS ARE REQUESTED TO AVOID FLIGHT BELOW 1200' MSL IN THIS AREA NOTICE Small Area Appropriate notes as required may be shown Special Awareness Training Areas

Mode C (FAR 91.215)

MO DE C & AD S- B OU T 30 N M Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

Note: Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with International Boundary, projection lines or other linear features. 30 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) High Energy Radiation Areas

Appropriate notes as required may be shown

Military Training Routes (MTR)

Special Military Activity Routes (SMAR)

SPECIAL MILITARY ACTIVITY FOR IR850, IR851, IR852 CTC BANGOR RADIO ON 122.4 255.4 FOR ACTIVITY STATUS Boxed notes shown adjacent to route.

IFR Routes Arrival Departure Arrival/Departure TAC only

Special Security Notice Permanent Continuous Flight Restriction Areas

31 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts Sporting Event Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Sites

National Defense Airspace Temporary Flight Restric­ tion (TFR) Areas

Space Operations Area (FAR Part 91.143)

Miscellaneous Activity Areas

Aerobatic Practice Area Glider Operations Hang Glider Activity Ultralight Activity Unmanned Aircraft Activity Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency Space Launch Activity Area

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) VFR Transition Routes Appropriate notes as required

may be shown. Uni-directional Bi-directional Bi-directional with NAVAID Ident and Radial

TAC only Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)

TRSA Name

TRSA Boundaries TRSA Sectors Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Examlple: Los Angeles Example: Harrisburg, PA NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION Isogonic Line and Value

Isogonic lines and values shall be based on the five year epoch magnetic variation model. Local Magnetic Notes

Unreliability Notes Intersections

Named intersections used as reporting points. Arrows are directed toward facilities that establish intersection. Aeronautical Lights By Request

Site

Rotating or Oscillating Isolated Location Rotating Light with Flashing Code Identification Light Rotating Light with Course Lights and Site Number 32 FAA Chart Users Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

33 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts Airport Beacons

Rotating or Flashing Isolated Locations VFR Checkpoints

Underline indicates proper name of VFR Checkpoint. Waypoints

RNAV VFR Stand-Alone VFR Collocated with Checkpoint Obstruction

Above 200’ & below 1000’ AGL (above 299’ AGL in urban area) Under Construction (UC) or reported and position/elevation unverified 1000’ and higher (AGL) Wind Turbine High-Intensity Obstruction Lights

Less than 1000’ (AGL) 1000’ and higher (AGL) Wind Turbine Group obstruction Wind Turbines High-intensity lights may operate part-time or by proximity activation. Marine Lights

With Characteristics of Light

Red White Green Blue Orange Black Yellow Sector Fixed Single Occulting Group Occulting Composite Group Occulting Isophase Flashing Group Flashing Composite Group Flashing Quick Interrupted Quick/Interrupted Quick Flashing Morse Code Fixed and Flashing Alternating Group Long Flash Group Quick Flashing Very Quick Flashing Group Very Quick Flashing Interrupted Very Quick Flashing Ultra Quick Flashing Interrupted Ultra Quick Flashing * Marine Lights are white unless other­ wise noted. Alternating lights are red and white unless otherwise noted. Group Obstruction

Above 200’ & below 1000’ AGL (above 299’ AGL in urban area) 1000’ and higher (AGL) At least two in group 1000’ and higher (AGL) Wind Turbines Wind Turbine Farms

2894 UC When highest wind turbine is unverified, UC will be shown after MSL value. Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF)

(see VFR Terms tab for explanation) Land Light NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION (Continued)

Chart Limits Outline on Sectional of Terminal Area Chart

TAC

Outline of Special Chart on Sectional and Terminal Area Chart Outline on Sectional of Inset Chart

NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION (Continued) CULTURE Railroads

Single Track Double Track More Than Two Tracks Electric Non-operating, Abandoned or Under Construction Roads

Dual-Lane Divided Highway Category 1 Primary Category 2 Secondary Category 2 Trails

Category 3 Provides symbolization for dismantled railroad when combined with label “dismantled railroad.” Railroad Yards Limiting Track To Scale

Location Only

Railroad Stations

Railroad Sidings and Short Spurs

Road Markers

Interstate Route No.

U.S. Route No. Air Marked Identification Label Road Names

Roads Under Construction

34 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

35 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts CULTURE (Continued) Related Features to Railroads and Roads Bridges and Viaducts

Railroad Causeways

Overpasses and Underpasses

Tunnels-Road and Railroad

Bridges and Viaducts

Road Ferries, Ferry Slips and Fords

Populated Places

Yellow tinted areas indicate populated places. Small circle indicates an area too small to depict using yellow tint. Font Style and Size indicate the category of the populated area: Large Cities Category 1

- population more than 250,000 Cities and Large Towns Category 2 - population 25,000 to 250,000 Towns and Villages Category 3 - population less than 25,000

Boundaries International

State or Province

Convention or Mandate Line

Miscellaneous Cultural Features Dams

Passable Locks

Weirs and Jetties

Breakwaters

Pipelines

Underground

Landmark Features

Mines or Quarries

Shaft Mines or Quarries Wells

Other than water Lookout Towers

(Elevation Base of Tower)

Aerial Cableways,Conveyors, Etc.

618 Dam Carrying Road

Small Locks

Seawalls

Piers, Wharfs, Quays, etc.

Power Transmission and Telecommunication Lines

Tanks

Outdoor Theater

Race Tracks

Coast Guard Station

Landmark Areas

Time Zones

Date Line

CULTURE (Continued) 36 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

37 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts HYDROGRAPHY Open Water

Open/Inland Water

Lakes

Label as required.

Perennial

When too numerous to show individual lakes, show representative pattern and descriptive note. Number indicates elevation.

Non-Perennial

(dry, intermittent, etc.) Illustration includes small perennial lake.

Reservoirs

Natural Shorelines Man-made Shorelines

Label when necessary for clarity Too small to show to scale

Under Construction

Inland Water

Shorelines

Definite

Fluctuating

Unsurveyed Indefinite

Man-made

HYDROGRAPHY (Continued) Streams

Perennial

Non-Perennial

Fanned Out Alluvial fan

Braided

Disappearing

Seasonally Fluctuating

with undefined limits

with maximum bank limits,

prominent and constant

Sand Deposits in and along

riverbeds

Wet Sand Areas

Within and adjacent to desert areas

Canals

To Scale

Abandoned or Under Construction Abandoned to Scale

Small Canals and Drainage / Irrigation Ditches Perennial

Non-Perennial

Abandoned or Ancient

Numerous

Representative pattern and/or descriptive note.

Aqueducts To Scale

Abandoned or Under Construction

Underground

Suspended or Elevated

Tunnels

Kanats

Underground with Air Vents 38 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

39 39 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts HYDROGRAPHY (Continued) Falls

Double-Line

Single-Line

Rapids

Double-Line

Single-Line

Salt Evaporators and Salt Pans Man Exploited

Hummocks and Ridges

Peat Bogs

Rice Paddies

Extensive areas indicated by label only.

Springs, Wells and Waterholes

Swamps, Marshes and Bogs

Mangrove And Nipa

Cranberry Bogs

Land Subject To Inundation

Reefs-Rocky or Coral

coral

Fish Ponds and Hatcheries

Miscellaneous Underwater Features Not Otherwise Symbolized

Wrecks

Exposed

Rocks-Isolated

Bare or Awash

Tundra

HYDROGRAPHY (Continued) Permanent Snow and Ice Areas Glaciers

Glacial Moraines

Ice Cliffs

Snowfields, Ice Fields And Ice Caps

Foreshore Flats

Tidal flats exposed at low tide. RELIEF Contours

Basic Approximate

Intermediate

Auxiliary Ice

Permanent Polar Ice

Pack Ice Ice Peaks

Depression

(Illustration includes mound within depression) Values 40 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

41 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts RELIEF (Continued) Sand or Gravel Areas

Sand Dunes

To Scale

Hachuring

Spot Elevations

Position Accurate Position Accurate, Elevation Approximate Highest in General Area Highest on Chart

Mountain Pass

Distorted Surface Areas

Lava Flows

Sand Ridges

To Scale Shaded Relief

Quarries To Scale

Craters

Unsurveyed Areas

Label appropriately as required

Levees And Eskers

Rock Strata Outcrop

Strip Mines, Mine Dumps And Tailings

To Scale

Escarpments, Bluffs, Cliffs, Depressions, Etc.

Uncontoured Areas

RELIEF DATA INCOMPLETE Label appropriately as required

42 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Sectional and Terminal Area Charts

VFR FLYWAY PLANNING CHARTS GENERAL INFORMATION VFR Flyway Planning Charts are printed on the reverse sides of the Baltimore-Washington, Charlotte, Chicago, Cincin­ nati, Dallas-Ft. Worth, Denver, Detroit, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, New Orleans, Phoenix, St. Lou­ is, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, and Tampa Terminal Area Charts (TACs). The scale is 1:250,000, with area of coverage the same as the associated TACs. Flyway Planning Charts depict flight paths and altitudes recom­ mended for use to by-pass areas heavily traversed by large turbine-powered aircraft. Ground references on these charts provide a guide for visual orientation. VFR Flyway Planning charts are designed for use in conjunction with TACs and are not to be used for navigation. These charts are updated every 56 days. AIRPORTS Landplane No distinction is made

between airports with fuel and those without fuel. Runways may be exaggerated to clearly portray the pattern. Hard- surfaced runways that are closed but still exist are

included in the charted pattern. FAR 91 - Fixed wing special VFR operations prohibited. (Pvt): Non-public use having landmark value. “OBJECTIONABLE”: This airport may adversely affect airspace use. RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range (VOR) VORTAC

VOR-DME

DME

Example: DME co-located at an airport. Landplane (continued) ABANDONED - Depicted for landmark value or to prevent confusion with an adjacent usable landing area. Only portrayed beneath or close to the VFR flyway routes or requested by the FAA. (Normally at least 3000’ paved). FOREIGN Foreign Airport Note NOTE: Airports outside the U.S. Flight Information Region (FIR) are shown with the standard symbol. Only the airport names and ICAO identifiers are shown. Non-Directional Radio Beacon (NDB)

NDB-DME

NAVAIDS Used to Define Class Airspace

43 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Flyway Planning Chars

AIRSPACE INFORMATION Class B Airspace

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) All mileages are nautical (NM). All radials are magnetic. Floors extending “upward and above” a certain altitude are pre­ ceded by a +. Operations at or below these altitudes are outside of the Class B Airspace.) Class D Airspace

(A minus sign in front of the figure used to indicate “from surface to but not including...”)

ALTITUDE IN HUNDREDS OF FEET MSL. Special Airspace Areas Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) Relating to National Security Example: Washington DC Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Note: Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with Internation­ al Boundary, projection lines or other linear features. Class C Airspace

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace

44 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Flyway Planning Charts

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ) Relating To National Se­ curity Example: Washington DC Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Relating To National Security Example: Washington DC Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Special Use Airspace

Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown. The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space permits. Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

Note: Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with International Bound­ ary, projection lines or other linear features.

Foreign Airspace Note 45 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Flyway Planning Chars

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Special Air Traffic Rules/Airport Traffic Areas (FAR Part 93)

Appropriate boxed note as re­ quired shown adjacent to area. Inside the FAR Part 93 bound­ ary area, the cross hatching is at a 45 degree angle.

Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)

IFR Routes

Arrival Departure Arrival/Departure

VFR Transition Routes

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Uni-directional Bi-directional Bi-directional with NAVAID Ident and Radial

Special Conservation Areas

NOAA Regulated National Marine Sanctuary Designated Areas Mode C (FAR 91.215)

MO DE C & AD S- B OU T 30 N M Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Sporting Event Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Sites

National Defense Airspace Temporary Flight Restric­ tion (TFR) Areas

Miscellaneous Activity Areas

Aerobatic Practice Area Glider Operations Hang Glider Activity Ultralight Activity

Unmanned Aircraft Activity Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency Space Launch Activity Area

Example: Los Angeles

46 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Flyway Planning Charts

Suggested VFR Flyway And Altitude

Military Training Routes (MTR)

VFR Checkpoints

Underline indicates proper name of VFR Checkpoint VFR Waypoints

Stand-Alone Collocated with VFR Checkpoint Navigational Data

Obstructions

Obstacles may be lit or unlit. Only obstacles greater than 999’ above ground level (AGL) or specified by the local ATC Facility shall be shown. AGL heights are not shown. High-intensity lights may operate part-time or by proximity activation. Under Construction or reported and position/elevation unveri­ fied. 47 AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Flyway Planning Chars NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

CULTURE Railroads

Single and Multiple Tracks

Populated Places

Built-up Areas Towns

BOUNDARIES

International

HYDROGRAPHY Shorelines

RELIEF

Spot Elevations

Position Accurate Mountain Peaks Roads

Dual-Lane Divided Highway Primary

Prominent Pictorials

Power Transmission Lines

Landmarks

Reservoirs

Major Lakes and Rivers

48 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Symbology - Flyway Planning Charts

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Flyway Planning Chars 49

HELICOPTER ROUTE CHARTS GENERAL INFORMATION Helicopter Route Charts are three-color charts that depict current aeronautical information useful to helicopter pilots navigating in areas with high concentrations of helicopter activity. Information depicted includes helicopter routes, four classes of heliports with associated frequency and lighting capabilities, NAVAIDS, and obstructions. In addition, pictorial symbols, roads, and easily- identified geographical features are portrayed. The scale is 1:125,000. These charts are updated every 56 days. Landplane

All recognizable runways, including some that may be closed, are shown for visual identification. Public Private Unverified Abandoned Foreign Seaplane

Heliport

Heliports public and private Medical Center Helipads located at major airports (when requested) Ultralight Flight Park

Foreign Airport Note NOTE: Airports outside the U.S. Flight Information Region (FIR) are shown with the standard symbol. Only the airport names and ICAO identifiers are shown. Airport Data Grouping Boxed airport name indicates airport for which a Special Traffic Rule has been established. (Pvt): Non-public use having landmark value. “OBJECTIONABLE”: This airport may adversely affect airspace use. Flight Service Station on field Airspace where fixed wing special visual flight rules operations are prohibited (shown above airport name) FAR 91 Indicates FAR 93 Special Air Traffic Rules and Airport Traffic Location Idendtifier ICAO Location Identifier Control Tower (CT) - primary frequency Star indicates operation part-time. See tower frequencies tabulation for hours of operation

Automated Terminal Information Service Automated Surface Weather Observing Systems (shown when full-time ATIS is not available). Some ASOS/AWOS facilities may not be located at airports. Elevation in feet Lighting in operation Sunset to Sunshine Lighting limitations exists, refer to Chart Supplement UNICOM - Aeronautical advisory station Follows the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) Unverified Heliport Airport of Entry When lighting is lacking, the respective character is replaced by a dash. Lighting codes refer to runway edge lights and may not represent the longest runway or full length lighting. Dashes are not shown on heliports or helipads unless additional information follows the elevation (e.g. UNICOM, CTAF). 50 AIRPORTS FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION NAVAIDs VHF Omni-Directional Radio (VOR) Range

Open Circle Open circle symbol shown when NAVAID located on airport. Type of NAVAID shown in top of box. Compass Rose is “reference” oriented to magnetic north. VOR

Operates less than contiuous or On-Request Underline indicates no voice on this frequency VORTAC

ASOS/AWOS Frequency Channel Identifier } Morse Code NDB Frequency When an NDB NAVAID shares the same name and Morse Code as the VOR NAVAID the frequen­ cy can be collocated inside the same box to conserve space. VOR-DME

Crosshatch indicates Shutdown status DME

Flight Service Station (FSS) Heavy line box indicates Flight Service Station (FSS). Frequen­ cies 121.5, 122.2 and 243.0 are available at many Alaskan FSSs and are not shown above boxes. All other frequencies are shown. Certain FSSs provide Airport Advisory Service, refer to Chart Supplement. R - Receive Only Non-Directional Radio Beacon (NDB)

NDB-DME

NAVAID Used to Define Class B Airspace

Broadcast Stations (BS)

On request by the proper authority or when a VFR Checkpoint. Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) Frequencies above thin line box are remoted to NAVAID site. Other FSS frequencies providing voice communications may be available as determined by altitude and terrain. Consult Chart Supplement for complete information. Thin line box without frequencies and controlling FSS name indicates no FSS frequency available. 51

AIRSPACE INFORMATION Class B Airspace

Ceiling of Class B in hundreds of feet MSL Floor of Class B in hundreds of feet MSL CLASS B SURFACE AREA NAVAID identifier and radial from facility NAVAID identifier and distance from facility Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) All mileages are nautical (NM) (Floors extending “upward from above” a certain altitude are preceded by a +. Operations at and below these altitudes are outside of Class B Airspace.) All radials are magnetic. Class D Airspace

(A minus in front of the figure is used to indicate “from surface to but not includ­ ing...”) Altitudes in hundreds of feet MSL. Special Airspace Areas Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) Relating to National Security

Example: Washington DC Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Note: Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with International Boundary, projection lines or other linear features. Class C Airspace

Ceiling of Class C in hundreds of feet MSL Floor of Class C in hundreds of feet MSL Ceiling is to but not including floor of Class B Surface Appropriate notes as required may be shown. (Mode C see FAR 91.215/AIM) Class E Surface (SFC) Airspace

52 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Special Airspace Areas (Continued) Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ) Relating to National Security

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)

Note: Delimiting line not shown when it coincides with International Boundary, projection lines or other linear features.

Special Security Notice Permanent Continuous Flight Restriction Areas

Mode C (FAR 91.215)

30 N M MODE C & ADS- B OU T Appropriate notes as required may be shown.

Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)

Appropriate notes as required may be shown. Example: Washington DC Special Air Traffic Rules / Airport Traffic Areas (FAR Part 93)

Appropriate boxed notes as required shown adjacent to area. Inside the FAR Part 93 boundary area, the cross hatching is at a 45 degree angle.

Sporting Event Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) Sites

National Defense Airspace Temporary Flight Restric­ tion (TFR) Areas

53

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Miscellaneous Activity Areas Aerobatic Practice Area Glider Operations Hang Glider Activity Ultralight Activity Unmanned Aircraft Activity Parachute Jumping Area with Frequency Space Launch Activity Area Military Training Routes (MTR)

Helicopter Routes

Primary Route with Route Name and Tower Frequency Secondary Route Transition Symbol Reporting Points

Non-compulsory Compulsory Reporting Point Name Foreign Airspace Note Police Zones Special Use Airspace

Only the airspace effective below 18,000 feet MSL is shown. The type of area shall be spelled out in large areas if space permits. One-way Route

Altitude Changeover Point Recommended Altitudes

Maximum Altitude Minimum Altitude Recommended Altitude 54 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts Special Conservation Areas

National Park, Wildlife Refuge, Primitive and Wilderness Areas, etc. VFR Checkpoints

Underline indicates proper name of VFR Checkpoint. Obstruction Above 299’ and below 1000’ AGL 1000’ and higher AGL High-Intensity Obstruction Lights

High-intensity lights may operate part-time or by proximity activation. Navigation Data

NOAA Regulated National Marine Sanctuary Designated Areas VFR Waypoints

Stand-Alone Collocated with VFR Checkpoint Collocated with VFR Checkpoint & Reporting Point Group Obstruction

Above 299’ and below 1000’ AGL 1000’ and higher AGL Wind Turbine Farms

2894 UC When highest wind turbine is unverified, UC will be shown after MSL value. Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF)

(see VFR Terms tab for explanation) 55 AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION

Roads

Dual-Lane: Divided Highways Major Boulevards & Major Streets Primary Boundaries

International State or Province Power Transmission Lines

Prominent Pictorials

Landmarks

CULTURE Railroads

Single Track

Double Track Bridges

Populated Places

Built-up Areas 56 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - VFR Chart Symbology - Helicopter Charts 57

58 CARIBBEAN VFR AERONAUTICAL CHARTS (CAC) The Caribbean Charts are published as two VFR Charts: Caribbean 1 (CAC-1) covers Southern Florida, Cuba, Haiti and the Bahamas; Caribbean 2 (CAC-2) covers Puerto Rico, Haiti, Dominican Republic, the Lesser Antilles and Leeward Islands. Charts are updated every 56-day chart cycle. Caribbean Charts are designed for VFR flights and provide aeronautical and topographic information of the Caribbean. The aeronautical information includes airports, radio aids to navigation, Class airspace and special use airspace in U.S. and major airports, and radio aids to navigation in foreign areas. The topographic information includes city tint, populated places, principal roads, drainage patterns and shaded relief. The chart symbols used on the Caribbean Charts are similar to those used in the Sectional and Terminal Area Charts, the major difference being in scale. The Caribbean VFR Chart scale is 1:1,000,000 versus the Sectional Chart Scale of 1:500,000 and Terminal Area Chart Scale of 1:250,000. Chart symbology will appear smaller on the Caribbean VFR Charts. Example from Caribbean 2 VFR Aeronautical Chart FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Caribbean VFR Aeronautical Charts (CAC)

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Caribbean VFR Aeronautical Charts (CAC) 59

U.S. Airspace depiction as shown on Visual Aeronautical Charts 60 AIRSPACE FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Airspace

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Airspace Excerpt from Detroit Sectional Chart 61 SPORTING EVENT TFR SITE CLASS E with SURFACE FLOOR CLASS C INNER BOUNDARY CLASS C OUTER BOUNDARY SPORTING EVENT TFR SITES CLASS E AIRSPACE EXTENSION with SURFACE FLOOR MODE C BOUNDARY CLASS D AIRSPACE CLASS B INTERNAL SECTOR BOUNDARIES CLASS B OUTER BOUNDARY CLASS E with 700’ AGL FLOOR CLASS E with 700’ AGL FLOOR { { CLASS B EXTENSIONS CLASS B EXTENSION CLASS E with 1200’ AGL FLOOR CLASS E with 1200’ AGL FLOOR { CLASS E with 1200’ AGL FLOOR

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Airspace 62

EXPLANATION OF IFR ENROUTE TERMS FAA charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Committee (IAC), and are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Defense (DoD). Some information on these charts may only apply to military pilots. The explanations of symbols used on Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) Enroute Charts and examples in this section are based primarily on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Other IFR products use similar symbols in various colors. The chart leg­ ends portray aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This section provides more details of the symbols and how they are used on IFR Enroute charts. AIRPORTS Operational airports are shown on IFR Enroute Charts. Low Charts: • All IAP Airports are shown on the Low Altitude Charts (US and Alaska). • Non-IAP Airports are shown on the U.S. Low Altitude Charts (Contiguous US) have a minimum hard surface runway of 3,000’. • Non-IAP airports are shown on the U.S. Low Altitude Alaska Charts are show if the runway is 3000’ or longer, hard or soft surface. • Public heliports with an Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) or requested by the FAA or DoD are depicted on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. • Seaplane bases requested by the FAA or DoD are depicted on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. On IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts, airport tabulation is provided that identifies airport names, IDs and the panels they are located on. High Charts: • Airports shown on the U.S. High Enroute Charts (Contiguous US) have a minimum hard surface runway of 5000’. • Airports shown on the U.S. High Enroute Alaska Charts have a minimum hard surface runway of 4000’. Charted airports are classified according to the following criteria: LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE

Blue - Airports with an Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published in the high altitude DoD Flight Information Publications (FLIPs) Green - Airports that have an approved Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published in either the U.S. Terminal Procedures Publications (TPPs) or the DoD FLIPs Brown - Airports without a published Instrument Approach Procedure or RADAR MINIMA Black - Foreign airports Airports are plotted at their true geographic position. Airports are identified by the airport name. In the case of military airports, Air Force Base (AFB), Naval Air Station (NAS), Naval Air Facility (NAF), Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), Army Air Field (AAF), etc., the abbreviated letters appear as part of the airport name. 63 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

Airports marked "Pvt" immediately following the airport name are not for public use, but otherwise meet the criteria for charting as specified above. Runway length is the length of the longest active runway (including displaced thresholds but excluding overruns) and is shown to the nearest 100 feet using 70 feet as the division point; e.g., a runway of 8,070' is labeled 81. The following run­ way compositions (materials) constitute a hard-surfaced runway: asphalt, bitumen, chip seal, concrete, and tar macadam. Runways that are not hard-surfaced have a small letter "s" following the runway length, indicating a soft surface. AIRPORT DATA DEPICTION Low Altitude 1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level 2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public 3. A solid line box enclosed the airport name indicates FAR 93 Special Requirements - see Directory/Supplement 4. “NO SVFR” above the airport name indicates FAR 91 fixed- wing special VFR flight is prohibited. 5. or following the airport identifier indicates Class C or Class D Airspace High Altitude - U.S. 6. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name. City names for military and private airports are not shown. 7. Airport Ident ICAO Location Indicator shown outside contigu­ ous U.S. 8. AFIS Alaska only High Altitude - Alaska LIGHTING CAPABILITY

Lighting Available Pilot Controlled Lighting Part-time or on request

No lighting available At private facilities- indicates no lighting information is available A symbol between the airport elevation and runway length means that runway lights are in operation sunset to sunrise. A symbol indicates there is Pilot Controlled Lighting. A symbol means the lighting is part-time or on request, the pilot should consult the Chart Supplement for light operating procedures. The Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) thor­ oughly explains the types and uses of airport lighting aids. VOR Minimum Operational Network (MON) Airports Designator MON Airports with the Airport designator at the top of the Airport Data Block. The MON designation is to alert pilots to those airports that have retained ILS and VOR instrument approach procedures for safe recovery in the event of a GPS outage. Refer to the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) for expanded MON Airport guidance. 64 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION All IFR radio NAVAIDs that have been flight checked and are operational are shown on all IFR Enroute Charts. Very High Frequency/Ultrahigh Frequency (VHF/UHF) NAVAIDs, Very high frequency Omnidirectional Radio range (VORs), Tactical Air Navigation (TACANs) are shown in black, and Low Frequency/Medium Frequency (LF/MF) NAVAIDs, (Compass Loca­ tors and Aeronautical or Marine NDBs) are shown in brown. On IFR Enroute Charts, information about NAVAIDs is boxed as illustrated below. To avoid duplication of data, when two or more NAVAIDs in a general area have the same name, the name is usually printed only once inside an identification box with the frequencies, TACAN channel numbers, identification letters, or Morse Code Identifications of the different NAVAIDs are shown in appropriate colors. NAVAIDs in a shutdown status have the frequency and channel number crosshatched. Use of the NAVAID status "shut­ down" is only used when a facility has been decommissioned but cannot be published as such because of pending airspace actions. NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION BOXES - COMMON ELEMENTS LOW ENROUTE CHARTS RCO Frequencies NAVAID Name, SSV(s) FREQ, Ident, CH, Morse Code Latitude, Longitude Controlling FSS Radio or FSS Name (AK) HIGH ENROUTE CHARTS RCO Frequencies

NAVAID Name Frequency, Ident, SSV(s), Channel Latitude, Longitude Controlling FSS Radio or FSS Name (AK) COMMON ELEMENTS (HIGH AND LOW CHARTS) RCO FREQUENCY Single Frequency Multiple Frequencies Frequencies transmit and receive except those followed by R and T: R - Receive Only T - Transmit Only

NAVAID BOX Thin line NAVAID boxes without frequency(s) and FSS radio name indicates no FSS frequencies available. (AK only) Shadow NAVAID box indicates NAVAID and Flight Ser­ vice Station (FSS) have same name. VHF/UHF LF/MF

65 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

NAVAID STANDARD SERVICE VOLUME (SSV) CLASSIFICATIONS SSV Class Altitudes Distance (NM) (T) Terminal 1000’ to 12,000’ 25 (L) Low Altitude 1000’ to 18,000’ 40 (H) High Altitude 1000’ to 14,500’ 14,500’ to 18,000’ 18,000’ to 45,000’ 45,000’ to 60,000’ 40 100 130 100 (VL) VOR Low 1000’ to 5,000’ 5,000’ to 18,000’ 40 70 (VH) VOR High 1000’ to 5,000’ 5,000’ to 14,500’ 14,500’ to 18,000’ 18,000’ to 45,000’ 45,000’ to 60,000’ 40 70 100 130 100 (DL) DME Low & (DH) DME High* 1000’ to 12,900’ 40 increasing to 130 (DL) DME Low 12,900’ to 18,000’ 130 (DH) DME High 12,900’ to 45,000’ 45,000’ to 60,000’ 130 100 * Between 1000’ to 12,900’, DME service volume follows a parabolic curve used by flight managment computers. Notes: For NAVAIDs with two SSVs, the SSV for each component is shown in paired parentheses with the VOR SSV shown first followed by the DME or TACAN SSV. Additionally, High Altitude facilities provide Low Altitude and Terminal service volume and Low Altitude facilities provide Terminal service volume. Altitudes are with respect to the station’s site elevation. Coverage is not available in a cone of airspace directly above the facility. In some cases local conditions (terrain, buildings, trees, etc.) may require that the service volume be restricted. The public shall be informed of any such restriction by a remark in the NAVAID entry or by a NOTAM. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT Facilities that operate in the “Y” mode for DME reception (Y) VOICE COMMUNICATIONS VIA NAVAID Voice Transmitted No Voice Transmitted

NAVAID SHUTDOWN STATUS VHF/UHF LF/MF

PART TIME OR ON-REQUEST VHF/UHF LF/MF

AUTOMATED WEATHER BROADCAST SERVICES ASOS/AWOS - Automated Surface Observing Station/Automated Weather Observing Station

VHF/UHF LF/MF Automated weather, when available, is broadcast on the associ­ ated NAVAID frequency. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Latitude and Longitude coordinates are provided for those NAVAIDs that make up part of a route/airway or a holding pattern. All TACAN facilities will include geographic coordinates.

LOW ENROUTE HIGH ENROUTE

66 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

AIRSPACE INFORMATION CONTROLLED AIRSPACE Controlled airspace consists of those areas where some or all aircraft are subjected to air traffic control within the follow­ ing airspace classifications of A, B, C, D, & E. Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) are established to provide Air Traffic Control to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace, particularly during the enroute phase of flight. Boundaries of the ARTCCs are shown in their entirety using the symbol below. Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) When Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) exists for an ARTCC, the text CPDLC (LOGON KUSA) will be shown parallel to the boundary above or below the ARTCC identification as shown below. Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) with Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC)

The responsible ARTCC Center names are shown adjacent and parallel to the boundary line. ARTCC sector frequencies are shown in boxes outlined by the same symbol. ARTCC Name Site Name Frequency ARTCC Remoted Sites with discrete VHF and UHF frequencies Class A Airspace is depicted as open area (white) on the IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts. It consists of airspace from 18,000 Mean Sea Level (MSL) to FL600. Class B Airspace is depicted as screened blue area with a solid line encompassing the area. Class C Airspace is depicted as screened blue area with a dashed line encompassing the area with a let­ ter “C” enclosed in a box following the airport name. Class B and Class C Airspace consist of controlled airspace extending upward from the surface or a des­ ignated floor to specified altitudes, within which all aircraft and pilots are subject to the operating rules and requirements specified in the Federal Aviation Regulations (UHF) 71. Class B and C Airspace are shown in abbreviated forms on IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. A general note adjacent to Class B airspace refers the user to the appropriate VFR Terminal Area Chart. Class D Airspace (airports with an operating control tower) are depicted as open area (white) with a letter “D” enclosed in a box following the airport name. Class E Airspace is depicted as open area (white) on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. It consists of airspace below FL180. UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE Class G Airspace within the United States extends to 14,500’ MSL. This uncontrolled airspace is shown as screened brown. SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE Special Use Airspace (SUA) confines certain flight activities, restricts entry, or cautions other aircraft operating within specific boundaries. SUA areas are shown in their entirety, even when they overlap, adjoin, or when an area is designated within another area. SUA with altitudes from the surface and above are shown on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. Similarly, SUA that extends above 18,000' MSL are shown on IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts. IFR Enroute Charts tabulations identify the type of SUA, ID, effective altitudes, times of use, controlling agency and the panel it is located on. 67 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

Users need to be aware that a NOTAM addressing activation will NOT be issued to announce permanently listed times of use.

High and Low Low Altitude Only P - Prohibited Area MOA - Military Operations Area R - Restricted Area A - Alert Area * W - Warning Area * Alert Areas do not extend into Class A, B, C and D airspace, or Class E airport surface areas. See Airspace Tabulation on chart for complete information.

OTHER AIRSPACE FAR 91 Special Air Traffic Rules are shown with the type NO SVFR above the airport name. FAR 93 Special Airspace Traffic Rules are shown with a solid line box around the airport name, indicating FAR 93 Spe­ cial Requirements see Chart Supplement. Mode C Required Airspace (from the surface to 10,000' MSL) within 30 NM radius of the primary airport(s) for which a Class B airspace is designated, is depicted on IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts as a blue circle labeled MODE C & ADS-B OUT 30 NM. MO DE C & AD S- B OU T 30 N M Mode C & ADS-B Out is also required for operations within and above all Class C airspace up to 10,000' MSL, but not depicted. See FAR 91.215 and the AIM. INSTRUMENT AIRWAYS The FAA has established two fixed route systems for air navigation. The VOR and LF/MF system-designated from 1,200' Above Ground Level (AGL) to but not including FL 180 is shown on IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts, and the Jet Route system designated from FL 180 to FL 450 inclusive is shown on IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts. VOR LF/MF AIRWAY SYSTEM (IFR LOW ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS) In this system VOR airways - airways based on VOR or VORTAC NAVAIDs - are depicted in black and identified by a "V" (Victor) followed by the route number (e.g., "V12"). LF/MF airways - airways based on LF/MF NAVAIDs - are sometimes called "colored airways" because they are identified by color name and number (e.g., "Amber One", charted as "A1"). In Alaska, Green and Red airways are plotted east and west, and Amber and Blue airways are plotted north and south. Regardless of their color identifier, LF/MF airways are shown in brown. 68 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

AIRWAY/ROUTE DATA On both series of IFR Enroute Charts, airway/route data such as the airway identifications, magnetic courses bearings or radials, mileages, and altitudes (e.g., Minimum Enroute Altitudes (MEAs), Minimum Reception Altitudes (MRAs), Maxi­ mum Authorized Altitudes (MAAs), Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitudes (MOCAs), Minimum Turning Altitudes (MTAs) and Minimum Crossing Altitudes (MCAs)) are shown aligned with the airway. As a rule the airway/route data is charted and in the same color as the airway, with one exception. Charted in blue, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) MEAs, identified with a "G" suffix, have been added to "V" and "colored airways" for aircraft flying those airways using Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation. Airways/Routes predicated on VOR or VORTAC NAVAIDs are defined by the outbound radial from the NAVAID. Airways/ Routes predicated on LF/MF NAVAIDs are defined by the inbound bearing. • Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) - The MEA is the lowest published altitude between radio fixes that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes. The MEA prescribed for a Federal airway or segment, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route applies to the en­ tire width of the airway, segment, or route between the radio fixes defining the airway, segment, or route. MEAs for routes wholly contained within controlled airspace normally provide a buffer above the floor of controlled airspace consisting of at least 300 feet within transition areas and 500 feet within control areas. MEAs are established based upon obstacle clearance over terrain and man-made objects, adequacy of navigation facility performance, and communications requirements. • Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA) - MRAs are determined by FAA flight inspection traversing an entire route of flight to establish the minimum altitude the navigation signal can be received for the route and for off-course NAVAID facilities that determine a fix. When the MRA at the fix is higher than the MEA, an MRA is established for the fix and is the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined. • Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA) - An MAA is a published altitude representing the maximum usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment. It is the highest altitude on a Federal airway, jet route, RNAV low or high route, or other direct route for which an MEA is designated at which adequate reception of navigation signals is assured. • Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA) - The MOCA is the lowest published altitude in effect be­ tween radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments that meets obstacle clearance require­ ments for the entire route segment and assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 25 statute (22 nautical) miles of a VOR. A MOCA is only shown on the Enroute Low Charts and only published when it is lower than the MEA. When shown, it is preceded by an asterisk. • Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) - Minimum turning altitude (MTA) is a charted altitude providing vertical and lateral obstruction clearance based on turn criteria over certain fixes, NAVAIDs, waypoints, and on charted route segments. When a VHF airway or route terminates at a NAVAID or fix, the primary area extends beyond that termination point. When a change of course on VHF airways and routes is necessary, the enroute obstacle clear­ ance turning area extends the primary and secondary obstacle clearance areas to accommodate the turn radius of the aircraft. Since turns at or after fix passage may exceed airway and route boundaries, pilots are expected to adhere to airway and route protected airspace by leading turns early before a fix. The turn area provides obstacle clearance for both turn anticipation (turning prior to the fix) and flyover protection (turning after crossing the fix). Turning fixes requiring a higher MTA are charted with a flag along with accompanying text describing the MTA restriction. • Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA) - An MCA is the lowest altitude at certain fixes at which the aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum enroute IFR altitude. MCAs are established in all cases where obstacles intervene to prevent pilots from maintaining obstacle clearance during a normal climb to a higher MEA after passing a point beyond which the higher MEA applies. The same protected enroute area vertical obstacle clearance requirements for the primary and secondary areas are considered in the determination of the MCA. Victor Route (with RNAV/GPS MEA shown in blue) 69 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) "T" ROUTE SYSTEM The FAA has created new low altitude area navigation (RNAV) "T" routes for the enroute and terminal environments. The RNAV routes will provide more direct routing for IFR aircraft and enhance the safety and efficiency of the National Air­ space System. To utilize these routes aircraft are required to be equipped with IFR approved GNSS. In Alaska, TSO-145a and 146a equipment is required. Low altitude RNAV only routes are identified by the prefix "T", and the prefix "TK" for RNAV helicopter routes followed by a three digit number (T-200 to T-500). Routes are depicted in blue on the IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts. RNAV route data (route line, identification boxes, mileages, waypoints, waypoint names, magnetic reference courses and MEAs) will also be printed in blue. Magnetic reference courses will be shown originating from a waypoint, fix/reporting point or NAVAID. GNSS MEA for each segment is established to ensure obstacle clearance and communications reception. GNSS MEAs are identified with a "G" suffix. Joint Victor/RNAV routes are charted as outlined above except as noted. The joint Victor route and the RNAV route iden­ tification boxes are shown adjacent to each other. Magnetic reference courses are not shown. MEAs are charted above the appropriate identification box or stacked in pairs, GNSS and Victor. On joint routes, RNAV specific information will be printed in blue. UNUSABLE AIRWAY/ROUTE SEGMENTS Airway/Route segments designated by the FAA as unusable will be depicted as shown below. Unusable Victor Route Pilots should not file a flight plan for or accept a clearance that includes navigation on any route or route segment depict­ ed as unusable. Pilots using RNAV may request ATC clearance to fly point-to-point between valid waypoints or fixes, even those on routes depicted as unusable (refer to AC 90-108 for RNAV eligibility). 70 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

Coincident Airways/Routes with Unusable Segment When two airways/routes are coincident, but only one airway/route is designated as unusable, the following note indicat­ ing which airway the unusable symbology applies to will be placed in close proximity to the airway/route identifiers. OFF ROUTE OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (OROCA) The Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude (OROCA) is depicted on IFR Enroute Low Altitude and Pacific charts and is represented in thousands and hundreds of feet above MSL. OROCAs are shown in every 30 x 30 minute quadrant on Area Charts, every one degree by one degree quadrant for IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts - U.S. and every two de¬gree by two degree quadrant on IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts - Alaska. The OROCA is based on the highest known terrain feature or obstruction in each quadrangle, bounded by the ticked lines of latitude/longitude including data 4 NM outside the quadrant. In this example the OROCA represents 12,500 feet. OROCA is computed just as the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) found on Visual Flight Rule (VFR) Charts except that it provides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in designated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertical buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States. Evaluating the area around the quadrant provides the chart user the same lateral clearance an airway provides should the line of intended flight follow a ticked line of latitude or longitude. OROCA altitudes are not assessed for NAVAID signal coverage, air traffic control surveillance, or communications cover­ age, and are published for general situational awareness, flight planning, and in-flight contingency use. OROCAs can be found over all land masses and open water areas containing man-made obstructions (such as oil rigs).

MILITARY TRAINING ROUTES (MTRs) Military Training Routes (MTRs) are routes established for the conduct of low-altitude, high-speed military flight training (generally below 10,000 feet MSL at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots Indicated Air Speed). These routes are depicted in brown on IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts, and are not shown on inset charts or on IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts. IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts depict all IFR Military Training Routes (IRs) and VFR Military Training Routes (VRs), except those VRs that are entirely at or below 1,500 feet AGL. MTRs are identified by designators (IR-107, VR-134) that are shown in brown on the route centerline. Arrows are shown to indicate the direction of flight along the route. The width of the route determines the width of the line that is plotted on the chart: Route segments with a width of 5 NM or less, both sides of the centerline, are shown by a .02" line. Route segments with a width greater than 5 NM, either or both sides of the centerline, are shown by a .035" line.

MTRs for particular chart pairs (ex. L1/2, etc.) are alphabetically, then numerically tabulated. The tabulation includes MTR type and unique identification and altitude range. 71 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms 72 ALASKA CAPSTONE ROUTES (R Routes) The Alaska Capstone program is an initiative to enhance safety and improve the efficient use of the navigable airspace in Alaska. R Routes are low altitude RNAV Routes that require specific FAA authorization. The routes are published on the L-1 Alaska Low Altitude Enroute Chart. The R Routes and associated notes are published in green with a “R” identifier followed by the route number, followed by a negative “R” identifier. An associated boxed note, also in green, is shown in close proximity to the routes. JET ROUTE SYSTEM (HIGH ALTITUDE ENROUTE CHARTS) Jet routes are based on VOR or VORTAC NAVAIDs, and are depicted in black with a "J" identifier followed by the route number (e.g., "J12"). In Alaska, Russia and Canada some segments of jet routes are based on LF/MF NAVAIDs. AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) "Q" ROUTE SYSTEM (IFR ENROUTE HIGH ALTITUDE CHARTS) The FAA has adopted certain amendments to Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations, which paved the way for the develop­ ment of new area high altitude navigation (RNAV) "Q" routes in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS). These amend­ ments enable the FAA to take advantage of technological advancements in navigation systems such as the GPS. RNAV "Q" Route MEAs are shown when other than FL 180 MEAs for DME/DME/Inertial Reference Unit (IRU) RNAV aircraft have a "D" suffix.

RNAV routes and associated data are charted in blue."Q" Routes on the IFR Gulf of Mexico charts are shown in black. Magnetic reference courses are shown originating from a waypoint, fix/reporting point, or NAVAID. Joint Jet/RNAV route identification boxes will be located adjacent to each other with the route charted in black. With the exception of Q-Routes in the Gulf of Mexico, GNSS or DME/DME/IRU RNAV are required, unless otherwise indicated. Q- Routes in Alaska are GNSS Only. Altitude values are stacked highest to lowest.

Joint Jet/RNAV Route

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms FOREIGN AREAS Limited data is depicted in areas outside the U.S. on all appropriate Enroute U.S., Alaska and Pacific High/Low IFR aeronautical charts. The data provided outside the U.S. is for situational awareness and transition planning. Areas outside of the U.S. have been skeletonized and sybmolized in black and/or a black screen applied. This highlights the intent that U.S. charts should only be used for navigation within domestic airspace and charts of other countries should be used within their respective airspace.

TERRAIN CONTOURS ON AREA CHARTS Based on a recommendation of the National Transportation Safety Board, terrain contours have been added to the Enroute Area Charts and are intended to increase pilots' situational awareness for safe flight over changes in terrain. The following Area Charts portray terrain: Anchorage, Denver, Fairbanks, Juneau, Los Angeles, Nome, Phoenix, San Fran­ cisco, Vancouver and Washington. When terrain rises at least a 1,000 feet above the primary airports' elevation, terrain is charted using shades of brown with brown contour lines and values. The initial contour will be 1,000 or 2,000 feet above the airports' elevation. Subsequent intervals will be 2,000 or 3,000 foot increments. Contours are supplemented with a representative number of spots elevations and are shown in solid black. The highest elevation on an Area Chart is shown with a larger spot and text. The following boxed note is added to the affected Area Charts. 73

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Terms 74

AIRPORTS Airport Data - Low/High Altitude Civil

Charts: High/Low

Civil And Military

Charts: High/Low

Military

Charts: High/Low

Seaplane - Civil

Charts: Low

Heliport

Charts: Low

Emergency Use Only

Pacific Only

IFR ENROUTE LOW / HIGH ALTITUDE SYMBOLS (U.S., PACIFIC AND ALASKA CHARTS) Facilities in BLUE or GREEN have an approved Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published in either the FAA Terminal Procedures Publication or the DoD FLIPs. Those in BLUE have an Instrument Approach Procedure and/or RADAR MINIMA published at least in the High Altitude DoD FLIPs. Facilities in BROWN do not have a published Instrument Procedure or RADAR MINIMA. Facilities in BLACK are foreign airports. All IAP Airports are shown on the Low Altitude Charts. Non-IAP Airports shown on the U.S. Low Altitude Charts have a minimum hard surface runway of 3000’. Airports shown on the U.S. High Altitude Charts have a minimum hard surface runway of 5000’. Airports shown on the Alaska High Altitude Charts have a minimum hard or soft surface runway of 4000’. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name and city name are the same only the airport name is shown. City names for military and private airports are not shown. The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name or Pvt. Pvt - Private Use 75 AIRPORT DATA DEPICTION Low Altitude

1. Airport elevation given in feet above or below mean sea level 2. Pvt - Private use, not available to general public 3. A solid line box enclosed the airport name indicates FAR 93 Special Requirements - see Directory/Supplement 4. “NO SVFR” above the airport name indicates FAR 91 fixed- wing special VFR flight is prohibited. 5. or following the airport identifier indicates Class C or Class D Airspace High Altitude - U.S. 6. Associated city names for public airports are shown above or preceding the airport name. If airport name and city name are the same, only the airport name is shown. The airport identifier in parentheses follows the airport name. City names for military and private airports are not shown. 7. Airport Ident ICAO Location Indicator shown outside contiguous U.S. 8. AFIS Alaska only High Altitude - Alaska FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

Airports (Continued) LIGHTING CAPABILITY

Lighting Available Pilot Controlled Lighting Part-time or on request

No lighting available At private facilities- indicates no lighting information is available RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION NAVAIDS

VOR VOR/DME TACAN DME NDB NDB/DME Reporting Function

Non Compulsory Reporting or Off Airway

Compulsory Reporting Note: VHF/UHF is depicted in Black. LF/MF is depicted in Brown. RNAV is depicted in Blue Compass Roses VHF/UHF

LF/MF

Compass Roses are oriented to Magnetic North of the NAVAID that cannot be adjusted to the charted isogonic values. 76 Compass Locator Beacon

LOW ALTITUDE

Chart Example : Enroute Low L-27 US FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (Continued)

LOW ALTITUDE ILS LOCALIZER ILS Localizer Course with additional navigation function

ILS Localizer Back Course with additional navigation function

HIGH ALTITUDE - ALASKA VOR/DME RNAV WAYPOINT DATA

Coordinates Frequency Identifier Reference Facility Elevation Radial/Distance (Facility to Waypoint) ILS Localizer Example with Back Course (Chart: Enroute Low L-1 US) 77 NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION BOXES - COMMON ELEMENTS LOW ENROUTE CHARTS RCO Frequencies

NAVAID Name, SSV(s) FREQ, Ident, CH, Morse Code Latitude, Longitude Controlling FSS Radio or FSS Name (AK) COMMON ELEMENTS (HIGH AND LOW CHARTS) RCO Frequency Single Frequency Multiple Frequencies Frequencies transmit and receive except those followed by R and T: R - Receive Only T - Transmit Only NAVAID Box Thin line NAVAID boxes without frequency(s) and FSS radio name indicates no FSS frequencies available. (AK only) Shadow NAVAID box indicates NAVAID and Flight Service Station (FSS) have same name. HIGH ENROUTE CHARTS RCO Frequencies

NAVAID Name Frequency, Ident, SSV(s), Channel Latitude, Longitude Controlling FSS Radio or FSS Name (AK)

VHF/UHF LF/MF

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

NAVAID STANDARD SERVICE VOLUME (SSV) CLAS­ SIFICATIONS (VL), (T), etc. indicate SSV. See “NAVAID STANDARD SERVICE VOLUME (SSV) CLASSIFICATIONS” on page 66 or the Chart Supplement for SSV Altitude and Range Boundaries. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT Facilities that operate in the “Y” mode for DME reception VOICE COMMUNICATIONS VIA NAVAID Voice Transmitted No Voice Transmitted NAVAID SHUTDOWN STATUS PART TIME OR ON-REQUEST

(T) (L) (VL) (H) (VH) (DL) (DH)

(Y)

VHF/UHF LF/MF

VHF/UHF LF/MF

78 RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (Continued) Navigation and Communication Boxes - Common Elements AUTOMATED WEATHER BROADCAST SERVICES ASOS/AWOS - Automated Surface Observing Station/Automated Weather Observing Station LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Latitude and Longitude coordinates are provided for those NAVAIDs that make up part of a route/airway or a holding pattern. All TACAN facilities will include geographic coordinates.

VHF/UHF LF/MF

LOW ENROUTE HIGH ENROUTE

Navigation and Communication Boxes - Examples LOW ENROUTE CHARTS VOR

R - Receive only 122.1R Controlling FSS Name - ANDERSON (T) - Service Volume Receive & Transmit on 122.35 (T) - Service Volume Latitude and Longitude Controlling FSS Name - MACON HIGH ENROUTE CHARTS VOR

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (Continued) Navigation And Communication Boxes - Examples (Continued) LOW ENROUTE CHARTS VOR/DME

No Voice Communications (Y) Mode DME R - Receive only 122.1R Controlling FSS Name - BUFFALO (AK only) Shadow NAVAID Box FSS Associated with NAVAID TACAN

TACAN Channels are without voice but not underlined Part Time NAVAID VORTAC Shutdown status DME

DME Channel, Ident, Morse Code, VHF Frequency NDB

A - ASOS/AWOS Available Shutdown status NDB/DME

No Voice Communications (Y) Mode DME (AK only) Shadow NAVAID Box FSS Associated with NAVAID HIGH ENROUTE CHARTS VOR/DME

Off Route (Greyed NAVAID Box and NAVAID) DME in Y Mode (AK only) Shadow NAVAID Box FSS Associated with NAVAID TACAN

Off Route Off Route - Part Time NAVAID (Greyed NAVAID Box and NAVAID) VORTAC Off Route (Greyed NAVAID Box and NAVAID) DME

DME Channel, Ident, VHF Frequency NDB

NDB/DME

No Voice Communications (Y) Mode DME (AK only) Shadow NAVAID Box FSS Associated with NAVAID Notes: Morse Code is not shown on High NAVAID Boxes. 79 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION (Continued) Stand Alone Flight Services and Communication Outlets Flight Service Station (FSS) - Alaska Only Shadow NAVAID boxes indicate Flight Service Station (FSS) loca­ tions. Frequency 122.2 (Conterminous U.S) and 121.5 and 243.0 (Alaska) are available at many FSSs and are not shown. All other frequencies are shown above the box. Certain FSSs provide Local Airport Advisory (LAA) on 123.6. Frequencies transmit and receive except those followed by R and T: R - Receive Only T - Transmit Only Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) Thin line NAVAID boxes without frequencies and controlling FSS name indicate no FSS frequencies available. Frequencies posi­ tioned above the thin line boxes are remoted to the NAVAID sites. Other frequencies at the controlling FSS named are available, however altitude and terrain may determine their reception. Stand Alone AWOS & ASOS LOW CHARTS Stand Alone FSS

Stand Alone FSS Associated with an Airport

Part-time FSS

Stand Alone RCO

RCO Associated/Co-located with an Airport

HIGH CHARTS Stand Alone FSS

Stand Alone FSS Associated with an Airport

Stand Alone RCO

RCO Associated/Co-located with an Airport

CASPER 122.4 MON DOUGLAS Converse County (DGW) 80 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

81 AIRSPACE INFORMATION Airway/Route Types Low and High Enroute Airway Data: Low Enroute Charts Victor Airways

LF/MF Airway

RNAV T Route

GNSS Required

RNAV TK Helicopter Route GNSS Required

Preferred Direction Victor Route $V0

Unusable Route Segment

Military Training Routes (MTR) MTRs 5NM or less both sides

of centerline MTRs greater than 5NM either

or both sides of centerline Arrow indicates direction of route See MTR tabulation for altitude range information All IR and VR MTRs are shown except those VRs at or bleow 1500’ AGL CAUTION: Inset charts do not depict MTRs Alaska Capstone Routes (R Routes) ”R” Routes (R2010, R2015, R2020, R2025) are RNP 1 Naviga­ tion Specification. Users must have specific FAA authorization, through Operations Specification or Letter of Authorization, obtained from Flight Standards to use these routes. The aircraft’s lateral deviation display scaling must support the RNP 1 Enroute operation. Low and High Enroute Charts ATS Route

Oceanic Route

VHF/UHF Data is depicted in Black. LF/MF Data is depicted in Brown. RNAV Route data is depicted in Blue High Enroute Charts Jet Routes

Atlantic Routes

Bahama Routes

RNAV Q Routes

Alaska Q Routes require GNSS and radar surveillance. Within the CONUS, GNSS or DME/DME/IRU RNAV required, unless other­ wise indicated. DME/DME/IRU aircraft require radar surveillance.

Preferred Direction Jet Routes

Preferred Direction RNAV Q Routes

Preferred Direction ATS Route

Unusable Route Segment

Substitute Route

All relative and supporting data See NOTAMs or appropriate shown in brown. publication for specific

information. FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

82 Airspace Information (Continued) FIXES VHF/UHF LF/MF

VHF/UHF VHF/UHF LF/MF

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A REPORTING FUNCTION Compulsory Position Reporting Non-Compulsory Position Reporting Fix or Waypoint Coordinates Fix Coordinates are shown for compulsory, offshore and holding fixes. Waypoints Coordinates are shown when waypoint is not part of a RNAV route and when located on or beyond the boundary of the U.S. Continental Control (12 mile limit). Off-set arrows indicate facility forming a fix - Arrow points away from the VHF/UHF NAVAID - Arrow points towards the LF/MF NAVAID Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Fix Denotes DME fix (distance same as airway / route mileage) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Fix Denotes DME fix (encircled mileage shown when not other­ wise obvious) Example: First segment, 5NM; second segment 10NM; total milage provided in encircled DME arrow. Total Mileages between Compulsory Reporting Points or NAVAIDs Note: All mileages are in Nautical Miles MILEAGE BETWEEN OTHER FIXES, NAVAIDs AND/OR MILEAGE BREAKDOWN Mileage Breakdown or Computer Navigation Fix (CNF) Five letter identifier in parentheses indicates CNF with no ATC function FACILITY LOCATOR BOATS Crosshatch indicates Shutdown status of NAVAID RADIAL OUTBOUND FROM A VHF/UHF NAVAID All Radials are magnetic. BEARING INBOUND TO AN LF/MF NAVAID All Bearings are magnetic. MAGNETIC REFERENCE BEARING, outbound from a NAVAID or Fix Note: Not shown on joint Victor/RNAV or Jet/RNAV Routes. WAYPOINTS RNAV N/A N/A RNAV N/A N/A RNAV N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

83 Airspace Information (Continued) VHF/UHF LF/MF LOW CHARTS LOW CHARTS

HIGH CHARTS HIGH CHARTS MEA-29000 MEA-FL240 LOW CHARTS

HIGH CHARTS

65 279 $J505$ 91 MEA G AP MEA-24000 108 TWISP LOW / HIGH LOW / HIGH CHARTS CHARTS

LOW CHARTS LOW CHARTS

LOW CHARTS LOW CHARTS

LOW / HIGH LOW / HIGH CHARTS CHARTS

MINIMUM ENROUTE ALTITUDE (MEA) All Altitudes Are MSL Unless Otherwise Noted. Directional MEAs MEAs are shown on IFR High Altitude Charts when MEA is other than 18,000’. MINIMUM ENROUTE ALTITUDE (MEA) GAP MEA is established when there is a gap in navigation signal coverage. Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA) All Altitudes Are MSL Unless Otherwise Noted. MAAs are shown on IFR High Altitude Charts when MAA is other than 45,000’. Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA) All Altitudes Are MSL Unless Otherwise Noted. Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA) and Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA) See Low Enroute Chart Example below for examples of both MTAs and MCAs. MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE (MRA) ALTITUDE CHANGE MEA, MOCA and/or MAA change at other than NAVAIDs CHANGEOVER POINT Changeover Point giving mileage to NAVAIDs (Not shown at midpoint locations.) HOLDING PATTERNS RNAV Holding Pattern Magnetic Reference Bearing is de­ termined by the isogonic value at the waypoint or fix. Holding Pattern with maximum restriction airspeed 210K applies to altitudes 6000’ to and including 14000’. 175K ap­ plied to all altitudes. Airspeed depicted is Indicated Airspeed (IAS) RNAV LOW CHARTS HIGH CHARTS MEA for GNSS RNAV aircraft MEA-24000G MEA for DME/DME/IRU RNAV aircraft MEA-24000D N/A

LOW / HIGH CHARTS

LOW CHARTS

LOW CHARTS N/A N/A FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

84 AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Enroute Chart Examples Low Enroute Chart 1 2 3 4 5 6 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

85 Enroute Chart Examples Low Enroute Chart (Continued) Reference Number 1 2 3 4 Description Multiple MCAs at a NAVAID V21 and V257 - MCA at DBS of 8600’ traveling North V298 - MCA at DBS of 9800’ traveling West V343 - MCA at DBS of 8500’ traveling North V520 - MCA at DBS of 9000’ traveling East V520 - MCA at DBS of 10600’ traveling West MCA and MRA at a Fix MCA at SABAT on V298 of 11,100 traveling East. MRA at SABAT of 10000. Example of MOCA and directional MEAs along a Victor Route Traveling East from DBS, MEA 13,000’ the first two segments, 15,000 along third segment. Traveling West from QUIRT, MEA of 15,000’ the first segment, MEA of 10,000 the second segment and MEA of 9,000 the third segment. MOCA for DBS to SABAT and SABAT to LAMON segments of 8100 MCA Example MCA at OSITY on V330. MCA of 9500’ traveling East on V330 from Idaho Falls (IDA) VOR-DME. AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Enroute Chart Examples Low Enroute Chart (Continued) Reference Number 5 6 Description MEA VHF and RNAV Example MEA for aircraft utilizing VHF NAVAID of 15000’ MEA for aircraft utilizing RNAV of 13300’ MOCA of 13300’ MCA and MTA Example at a NAVAID MCA for aircraft traveling West along V520 to cross JAC at 15200’ MCA for aircraft traveling West along V330 to cross JAC at 13400’ MTA for aircraft crossing over and turning at JAC: Aircraft traveling NE on V465 and turning to V330 on a W heading or turning to V520 on a W heading must turn at altitude of 16000’ or higher Aircraft traveling E on V520 and turning to V330 on a W heading must turn at altitude of 14200’ Aircraft traveling E on V330 and turning to V520 on a W heading must turn at altitude of 16000’ or higher Aircraft traveling NW on V328 and turning to V465 on a SW head­ ing must turn at altitude of 15100’ or higher. 86 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

87 Airspace Information (Continued) Enroute Chart Examples High Enroute Chart 2 3 1 Reference Number 1 2 Description High RNAV Route with MEA for DME/DME/IRU RNAV Aircraft MEA of 24,000’ Preferred Directional Jet Route with Time Restrictions Jet Route 34 available between 1100 - 0300Z FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

Enroute Chart Examples High Enroute Chart (Continued) Reference Number 3 Description Preferred Directional Jet Route with Time Restrictions, MAA and MEA Jet Route 149 available between 1100 - 0300Z MAA - 41,000’ MEA - 31,000’ AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) AIRSPACE BOUNDARIES

LOW / HIGH CHARTS Air Defense

Identification Zone (ADIZ)

CANADA ADIZ ALASKA ADIZ

Adjoining ADIZ Air Traffic Service

LOW / HIGH CHARTS Identification Data

Ceiling Floor Call Sign Frequency

Ceiling Floor Call Sign Frequency

Flight Information Regions (FIR)

LOW / HIGH CHARTS

Upper Information Regions (UIR) Upper Control Areas (UTA)

LOW / HIGH CHARTS Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) ARTCC Remoted Sites with discrete VHF and UHF frequencies Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) with Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) Altimeter Setting Change

LOW / HIGH CHARTS Control Areas (CTA)

Adjoining CTA Additional Control Areas LOW ALTITUDE HIGH ALTITUDE

Foreign Airspace Note ARTCC Name Site Name Frequency MIAMI OCEANIC CTA/FIR KZMA NEW YORK OCEANIC CTA/FIR KZWY CONTROL 1419 H NOTE: Limited chart information provided outside U.S. airspace. Refer to DoD (NGA) or foreign charts and flight information publications outside U.S. airspace. 88 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

89 AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Airspace - U.S. Class A High Chart Only Controlled Airspace Class B Low Chart Only Controlled Airspace Mode C Area Low Chart Only Controlled Airspace Open Area (White) That airspace from 18,000’ MSL to and including FL 600, including the airspace overflying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the contiguous United States and Alaska and designated offshore areas, excluding Santa Barbara Island, Farallon Island, the airspace south of latitude 25° 04’00” N, the Alaska peninsula west of longitude 160°00’00” W, and the airspace less than 1,500’ AGL. That airspace from 18,000’ MSL to and including FL 450, including Santa Barbara Island, Farallon Island, the Alaska peninsula west of longitude 160°00’00” W, and designated offshore areas. Screened Blue with a Solid Blue Outline M OD E C & A DS -B O U T 30 NM 30 NM MODE C & A DS -B O UT That airspace from the surface to 10,000’ MSL (unless otherwise designated) surrounding the nation’s busi­ est airports. Each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more layers. A Solid Blue Outline That airspace within 30 NM of the primary airports of Class B airspace and within 10 NM of designated airports. Mode-C transponder and ADS-B Out equipment is re­ quired. (See FAR 91.215) Example: M OD E C & A DS -B OU T MO DE C & AD S-B OUT Example: See Chart example above. FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

CLASS C Low Chart Only Controlled Air­ space CLASS D Low Chart Only Controlled Air­ space Screened Blue with a Solid Blue Dashed Outline

That airspace from the surface to 4,000’ (unless other­ wise designated) above the elevation of selected airports (charted in MSL). The normal radius of the outer limits of Class C airspace is 10NM. Class C airspace is also indi­ cated by the letter C in a box following the airport name. Open Area (White) That airspace from the surface to 2,500’ unless otherwise designated) above the airport elevation (charted in MSL), surrounding those airports that have an operational con­ trol tower. Class D airspace is indicated by the letter D in a box following the airport name. Example: Example: AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Airspace - U.S. (Continued) 90 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

91 Airspace Information (Continued) AIRSPACE - U.S. CLASS E Low Chart Only Controlled Air­ space CLASS G High and Low Chart Uncontrolled Airspace Open Area (White) The controlled airspace below 14,500’ MSL that is not Class B, C or D. Federal Airways from 1,200’ AGL to but not including 18,000’ MSL (unless otherwise specified). Other designated control areas below 14,500’ MSL. Not Charted That airspace from 14,500’ MSL to but not including 18,000’ MSL, including the airspace overflying the waters within 12 NM of the coast of the contiguous United States and Alaska and designated offshore areas, excluding the Alaska peninsula west of longitude 160°00’00” W, and the airspace less than 1,500’ AGL. Screened Brown Area Low Altitude That portion of the airspace below 14,500’ MSL that has not been designated as Class B, C, D or E Airspace. High Altitude That portion of the airspace from 18,000’ MSL and above that has not been designated as Class A airspace. Example: FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Special Use Airspace - U.S. Low and High Charts Low Charts Only P - Prohibited Area R - Restricted Area W - Warning Area See Airspace Tabulation on each chart for complete documentation information on: Area Identification Effective Altitude Operating Times Controlling Agency Voice Call A - Alert Area * Alert Areas do not extend into Class A, B, C and D air­ space, or Class E airport surface areas. MOA - Military Operations Area See Airspace Tabulation on each chart for complete documentation information on: Area Identification Effective Altitude Operating Times Controlling Agency Voice Call Example: P-56 - Washington DC, Area A-1 Chart Example: P-40 and R-4009 - Washington DC, Area A-1 Chart Example: R3601A - Example: W-50 92 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

93 AIRSPACE INFORMATION (Continued) Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude (OROCA) Low Charts Only OROCA is computed similarly to the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) found on Visual charts except that it pro­ vides an additional vertical buffer of 1,000 feet in desig­ nated non-mountainous areas and a 2,000 foot vertical buffer in designated mountainous areas within the United States. Example: 12,500 feet Example: Low L-13 Chart Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) Low and High Charts SFRA Symbology Example: Low Chart (Washington Area Chart) Example: High Chart (H-12) FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

94 Cruising Altitudes - Low Charts - U.S. Only IFR outside controlled airspace. IFR within controlled airspace as assigned by ATC. ALL courses are magnetic.

VFR above 3000’ AGL

unless otherwise

authorized by ATC. Cruising Altitudes - High Charts - U.S. Only

IFR within controlled airspace 18,000’ MSL to FL280 as assigned by ATC

All courses are magnetic.

VFR or VFR On Top

add 500’

No VFR flights within

Class A Airspace above

3000’ AGL unless

otherwise authorized RVSM Levels FL290 to FL410 FL430 and above

No VFR or VFR On Top authorized above FL285 in RVSM airspace. NAVIGATIONAL AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

95 MORSE CODE ISOGONIC LINE AND LOW/HIGH CHARTS VALUE

ENLARGEMENT AREA TIME ZONE

All time is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) During periods of Day­ lights Savings Time (DT), effective hours will be one hour earlier than shown. All states observe DT ex­ cept Arizona and Hawaii MATCH MARK

LOW/HIGH CHARTS

HYDROGRAPHY SHORELINES

TOPOGRAPHY TERRAIN

Area Charts CULTURE Boundaries

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE International

U.S./Russia Maritime Line LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE Date Line

LOW/HIGH ALTITUDE Navigational and Procedural Information (Continued) FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - IFR Enroute Symbology 96

U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION The U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPPs) includes the Instrument Approach Procedures (IAPs), Departure Proce­ dures (DPs) charts, Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) charts, Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) charts, and Airport Diagrams. Also included are Takeoff Minimums, (Obstacle) Departure Procedures, Diverse Vector Area (RADAR Vectors), RADAR and Alternate Minimum textual procedures. EXPLANATION OF TPP TERMS AND SYMBOLS The information and examples in this section are based primarily on the IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) Terminal Proce­ dures Publication (TPP). The publication legends list aeronautical symbols with a brief description of what each symbol depicts. This section will provide more detailed information of some of the symbols and how they are used on TPP charts. FAA Terminal charts are prepared in accordance with specifications of the Interagency Air Committee (IAC) and their sup­ porting technical groups for the purpose of standardization, which are approved by representatives of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DoD). The Terminal Procedure Publication is made up of the following charts: • Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts • Airport Diagrams • Departure Procedures (DP) • Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR) Charts • Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) Charts 97 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE CHART The IAPs (charts) are divided into various sections:

Margin Identification Information

Profile View

Briefing Strip Information

Landing Minimums

Planview

Airport Sketch

Missed Approach Information Airport Sketch Information Information Landing Minima Planview NOT FOR NAVIGATION 98 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Margin Identification Information

The margin identification at the top, bottom, and sides of the chart provides information about the airport location, proce­ dure identification, and chart currency. The charts are organized by city first, then airport name and state, with the excep­ tion of military charts, which are organized by airport name. Going from the top of the chart, reading from left to right, and going down the chart, Margin Identification Information is organized in the following way. The hash marks along the top and bottom borders of military Instrument Approach Charts indicate that the procedure was designed using High Altitude criteria contained in FAA Order 8260.3. These procedures are designed to support high performance military aircraft operations and are not intended for civilian use. 99 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Top Margin Information: The city and state with which the airport is associated are located on both the top and bottom margins. At the center of the top margin is the FAA numbering system. This Approach and Landing (AL) number is followed by the organization responsible for the procedure in parentheses, e.g., AL-18 (FAA). Military procedures do no show an AL num­ ber, but do show the appropriate authority for the procedure, e.g., (USAF). The procedure title is located on both the top and bottom margins. It is derived from the type of navigational facility that is providing the final approach course guidance. The title is abbreviated, e.g. ILS, RNAV, NDB, etc. For airports with parallel runways and simultaneous approach procedures, “L”, “R” or “C” follows the runway number to distinguish between left, right, and center runways. The airport name is shown on both the top and bottom margins below the procedure title. The airport identifier is shown in parentheses following the airport name. Civil and joint-use airports outside the contiguous United States will be shown with the FAA airport location identifier followed by the ICAO location indicator. Military airports that are not joint-use will be shown with only the ICAO location indicator. The Date of Latest Revision is shown on the top margin above the procedure title. The Date of Latest Revision identifies the Julian date the chart was last revised for any reason. The first two digits indicate the year, the last three digits indicate the day of the year (001 to 365/6).

Year|Day of Year Side Margin Information: The side margins show the volume identification, i.e. SW-3, followed by the current issue date and the next issue date, e.g. SW-3, 21 JUL 2016 to 15 SEP 2016. Bottom Margin Information: The FAA Procedure Amendment Number, located on the left bottom margin below the City, State, represents the most current amendment of a given procedure. The Procedure Amendment Effective Date represents the AIRAC cycle date on which the procedure amendment was incorporated into the chart. Updates to the amendment number and effective date represent procedural/criteria revisions to the charted procedure, e.g., course, fix, altitude, minima, etc. Example: Original Procedure Date Example: Amendment Procedure Date The coordinates for the airport reference point are located at the center of the bottom margin. 100 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

BRIEFING STRIP INFORMATION At the top of every TPP is the Briefing Strip that consists of three stacked strips of information immediately above the plan­ view. Information varies depending upon the type of procedure. Top Briefing Strip The top briefing strip contains procedural information in three separate boxes, in the following sequence from left to right: 1 2 3 NAVAID Info • Box 1: Primary Procedure Navigation Information: The primary navigation type (VOR, LOC, NDB, RNAV, etc.) with its identifier and frequency/channel. If applicable, WAAS, the WAAS Channel Number, and the WAAS Refer­ ence Path indicator are shown stacked top to bottom. If the primary navigation type is GBAS, then the following information is shown, stacked top to bottom: GBAS, CH NNNN, RPI XXXX. If there is not a primary Navigation Box required, the first box is removed. • Box 2: Final Approach Course Information. The inbound Approach Course (APP CRS) is shown. • Box 3: Runway Landing Information: Stacked top to bottom, the runway landing distance (Rwy Ldg), the Touchdown Zone Elevation (TDZE), and the Airport Elevation (Apt Elev) are shown. Runway landing distance is determined by comparing the total runway length with the displaced threshold accounted for against the published Declared Distance Landing Distance Available (LDA). The shortest of these lengths, either the published Declared Distance LDA or the total runway length (minus displaced threshold) on the approach end of the runway, will be charted. Top Briefing Strip Examples: Ground based NAVAID: RNAV-WAAS: 101 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

GBAS: No Primary NAVAID box: Circling Approach: Sidestep Procedure: Middle Briefing Strip The middle briefing strip may contain information in up to three separate boxes, when available, in the following sequence from left to right: 1 2 3 NOTES BOX MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE TEXT BOX APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM • Box 1: Notes Box: contains procedure notes, Equipment/Requirements Notes box and Takeoff, Alternate, RA­ DAR, WAAS, and/or Cold Weather indicators (details provided below under Notes Box). • Box 2: Approach Lighting System Box (when applicable): shows the approach lighting system name and charting icon. Multiple approach lighting systems may be shown for approaches that have straight-in minimums for parallel runways. • Box 3: Missed Approach Procedure Text Box: The full textual description of the missed approach procedure is provided here. 102 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Notes Box Procedure Equipment Requirements Notes Box Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Requirements and ground-based Equipment Requirements are displayed in sepa­ rate, standardized notes boxes. For procedures with PBN elements, the PBN box contains the procedure’s navigation specification(s). If required, specific sensors or infrastructure needed for the navigation solution, additional or advanced functional requirements, and the minimum Required Navigation Performance (RNP) value and any amplifying remarks will also be included. Items listed in this PBN box are REQUIRED. The separate Equipment Requirements Box will list ground-based equipment requirements. On procedures with both PBN elements and ground-based equipment requirements, the PBN requirements box is listed first. Remote Altimeter Airport Notes Approach minimums are based on the local altimeter setting for that airport unless annotated otherwise. When more than one altimeter source is authorized, and the minima are different, they will be shown by separate lines in the approach minima box or as a note in the briefing strip; e.g., use MHK altimeter setting; when not available use SLN altimeter setting and increase all MDAs 40 feet. The altimeter source location is referenced by the FAA airport identifier. An airport outside the contiguous U.S. will use both the FAA and ICAO identifiers. Until all charts reference the airport identifier, the notes may contain altimeter sources referenced by city name, city and state, or airport name. Notes Symbols Several different symbols may appear within the Notes Box: An entry is published in the Takeoff Minimums, (Obstacle) Departure Procedures, and Diverse Vector Area (Radar Vectors) section of the TPP. Non-standard IFR alternate minimums exist. Refer to IFR Alternate Airport Minimums section of the TPP. The IAP may not be used as an alternate due to unmonitored facility, absence of weather reporting service, or lack of adequate navigation coverage. IAPs designated with this symbol are not listed in the IFR Alternate Minimums section of the TPP. WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) Cold Temperature Airport

The negative within a black square box symbol shown in the Notes section below any “A” or “T” Symbol indicates that outages of the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) vertical guidance may occur daily at this location due to initial system limitations. WAAS NOTAMs for vertical outages are not provided for this approach. Use LNAV minima for flight planning at these locations, whether as a destination or alternate. For flight operations at these locations, when the WAAS avionics indicate that LNAV/VNAV or LPV service is available, then vertical guidance may be used to complete the ap­ proach using the displayed level of service. Should an outage occur during the procedure, reversion to LNAV minima may be required. 103 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

When appears in the Notes section below all other symbols it indicates a cold temperature altitude correction is required at that airport when the reported temperature is at or below the published temperature. Advise ATC with alti­ tude correction. Advising ATC with altitude corrections is not required in the final segment. See Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Chapter 7, for guidance and additional information. For a complete list of cold temperature airports, see https://aeronav.faa.gov/d-tpp/Cold_Temp_Airports.pdf. When “ASR”, “PAR” or “ASR/PAR” appear in the Note section immediately below the “T” and “A” symbols it indicates there are published Radar Instrument Approach Minimums. Where radar is approved for approach control service, it is used not only for radar approaches (Airport Surveillance Radar [ASR] and Precision Approach Radar [PAR]) but is also used to provide vectors in conjunction with published non-radar approaches based on radio NAVAIDs (ILS, VOR, NDB, TACAN). Radar vectors can provide course guidance and expedite traffic to the final approach course of any established IAP or to the traffic pattern for a visual approach. Bottom Briefing Strip (Communications Information) The communications briefing strip contains communication information when available, in separate boxes, listed from left to right in the order that they would be used during arrival with the tower frequency box bolded: • ATIS, D-ATIS, AFIS (AK Only) or ASOS/AWOS frequencies (when available, ATIS or AFIS will be the only local weather frequency/s published) • The primary Approach Control (APP CON) name and frequencies; when the primary approach service is provided by other than Approach Control, e.g. FSS (Radio), Tower, Center, the appropriate air traffic facility call name is provided • The Control Tower (TOWER) name and frequencies, to include Precision Radar Monitoring (PRM) and frequency • Ground Control (GND CON) frequencies • Clearance Delivery (CLNC DEL) frequencies; where a Control Tower does not exist or is part-time, a remoted CLNC DEL may be listed. • Ground Communications Outlet (GCO) frequency • Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF), shown in parentheses when shares a frequency, e.g. UNICOM 122.8 (CTAF) • UNICOM or AUNICOM frequency • Controller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) Note: Part-time operations will be annotated with a star. Check Chart Supplement for times of operation. Note: Departure ATIS, CLNC DEL, and CPDLC will not be charted on the IAP at locations where the information is shown on the corresponding Airport Diagram. 104 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

PLANVIEW The planview of the IAP charts provides an overhead view of the entire instrument approach procedure.The data on the planview is shown to scale, unless concentric rings, scale breaks or an inset have been used. Planview Items

Approach Segments

Hydrography

NAVAIDs

International Boundary

Area Navigation (RNAV) Waypoints

Obstacles (Man-made, Terrain and Vegetation)

Restrictive Airspeeds

Special Use Airspace

Restrictive Altitudes

Minimum Safe Altitude

Holding Patterns and Procedure Turns

Terminal Arrival Areas

Airports

Helicopter (Copter) Procedures

Relief (Contours)

Approach Segments The planview includes a graphical depiction of procedure entry through missed approach.

Simple IAP Example Legend:

Feeder Route

Initial Approach Intermediate Approach Final Approach Course Missed Approach NAVIGATION NOT FOR 105 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

NOT FOR NAVIGATION Complex IAP Example with RF Legs

• Feeder Routes (highlighted in blue - See Simple IAP Example on previous page) may be used to provide a tran­ sition from the enroute structure to the IAF. • Initial Approach (highlighted in purple in examples above) is the segment between the initial approach fix (IAF) and the intermediate fix (IF) or the point where the aircraft is established on the intermediate course or final ap­ proach course. • Intermediate Approach (highlighted in yellow in examples above) is the segment between the intermediate fix or point and the final approach fix. • Final Approach Course (highlighted in red in the examples above) is the segment between the final approach fix or point and the runway, airport, or missed approach point. • Missed Approach (highlighted in green in the example above) begins at the MAP and continues until the desig­ nated fix or waypoint. The missed approach track is shown as a hash marked line in the planview. If any portion of the missed approach procedure track falls outside of the area of the planview it will be shown in a separate box in the planview. 106 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

• DME arcs or Radius-to-Fix legs (RF) are shown as smooth arcs from a designated start point to a designated terminus. RF legs depict the altitude and distance. In order to differentiate RF legs from Track to Fix (TF) legs on IAPs that contain one or more RF legs, the course value will always be shown on all TF legs.

• Visual segment - Instrument approach procedures, including Copter approach procedures, that terminate or have missed approaches prior to the airport/heliport, and are authorized to proceed visually, will depict the visual flight path by a dashed line symbol from the missed approach point to the airport.

On RNAV charts where the visual track may only apply to a specific line of minima, the visual procedure track line will not be shown in the planview. There will be a note directed to that portion of the procedure track.

Traditional (NAVAID) Approach RNAV Approach 107 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

NAVAIDs NAVAIDs used on ground based charts will show the appropriate symbol accompanied by a data box that contains the facility name, frequency, identifier and Morse code. A NAVAID box with a heavy line indicates the primary NAVAID used for the approach. NAVAIDs used on GPS based charts show the appropriate symbol identified with the name and identifier. Primary NAVAID - LOC Secondary NAVAID - VORTAC

Primary NAVAID - NDB/DME Secondary NAVAID - NDB/DME

NAVAID - ILS Approach NAVAID - RNAV Approach Area Navigation (RNAV) Waypoints Waypoints are shown with the waypoint symbol accompanied by the five letter identifier. If an RNAV waypoint is collocated with an intersection, DME fix, or NAVAID, the appropriate Intersection, DME fix, or NAVAID symbol will be charted. ELIZE On RNAV (RNP) charts, any requirement/capability notes are depicted below the fix/waypoint/NAVAID name. When the required RNP lateral accuracy value for any approach segment other than final approach (e.g. feeder, initial and/or intermediate or missed) are less than standard (RNP 2.00 for feeder, RNP 1.00 for initial and/or intermediate and missed), a note stating the required RNP value may be placed adjacent to the applicable fix at the beginning of the Feeder Route (or annotated in the PBN box). If there is more than one lateral accuracy value within these portions of the procedure, the lowest value is annotated. These notes will take the form “RNP 0.XX, or Min RNP 0.XX” and will be located in close prox­ imity to the relevant fix name (or be identified in the PBN Box). SHNON (RNP 0.50) 108 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Localizer Depiction The localizer is depicted in the Planview using the following symbol. The size of the charted localizer symbol does not serve as an indication of the service volume. Restrictive Airspeed Restrictive airspeeds are shown paired with their respective fix/facility. Type Description Example Recommended Speed Recommended speed is depicted with no lines above or below it Minimum Speed Minimum speed is depicted as a number with a line below it Maximum Speed Maximum speed is depicted as a number with a line above it Mandatory Speed Mandatory speed is depicted as a number with a line above and below it

Altitudes Restrictive altitudes are shown paired with their respective fix/ facility. Minimum, Maximum, Mandatory and Recommend­ ed Altitudes are shown. Type Description Example Recommended Altitude Recommended altitude is depicted with no lines above or below it Minimum Altitude Minimum altitude is depicted as a number with a line below it Maximum Altitude Maximum altitude is depicted as a number with a line above it Mandatory Altitude Mandatory altitude is depicted as a number with a line above and below it Mandatory Block Altitude Mandatory block altitude is depicted with a minimum and a maximum altitude. Altitudes that are shown along a route are minimum altitudes.

109 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Holding Patterns and Procedure Turns Holding Patterns are used for many reasons, including deteriorating weather or high traffic volume. Holding might also be required following a missed approach. Each holding pattern has a fix, a direction to hold from the fix, and an airway, bear­ ing, course, radial, or route on which the aircraft is to hold. These elements, along with the direction of the turns, define the holding pattern. Holding Patterns may not always be depicted to scale. Missed Approach Hold In-Lieu of Procedure Turn Arrival

If a holding pattern has a non-standard speed restriction, it will be depicted by an icon with the limiting air speed shown inside the holding pattern symbol. These elements, along with the direction of the turns, define the holding pattern. If two types of holds are located at the same point, the procedural holding pattern will be shown in-lieu of arrival or missed ap­ proach holding patterns. Timing or distance limits for Hold-in-lieu of Procedure Turn Holding Patterns will be shown. Waypoints designated as a holding fix are shown as fly-by, without the circle around the symbol. However, in the event the holding fix/waypoint is also designated in all other parts of the procedure unrelated to holding with a fly-over function, then the holding fix/waypoint will be charted as a fly-over point. A procedure turn (PT) is the maneuver prescribed to perform a course reversal to establish the aircraft inbound on an intermediate or final approach course. The procedure turn or hold-in-lieu-of procedure turn is a required maneuver when it is depicted on the approach chart. However, the procedure turn or the hold-in-lieu-of PT is not permitted when the symbol “NoPT” is depicted on the initial segment being flown, when a RADAR VECTOR to the final approach course is provided, or when conducting a timed approach from a holding fix. The procedure turn will be shown in the planview and in the profile of the chart. In the planview, the tip of the procedure turn barb is shown at the procedure turn limit, e.g., 10 NM, 15 NM. Users should be aware that it is possible for there to be a terminal/feeder fix along the procedure track that is not as­ sociated with the procedure turn. Fixes associated with the procedure turn are depicted in the profile.

Airports The primary approach airport is shown to scale by a pattern of all the runways. Airports other than the primary approach airport may be shown with an airport pattern and name when in close proximity to the primary airport. 110 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Relief (Contours) Relief (Contours) is depicted in the planview portion of all IAPs at airports that meet the following criteria: • If the terrain within the planview exceeds 4,000 feet above the airport elevation, or • If the terrain within a 6.0 nautical mile radius of the Airport Reference Point (ARP) rises to at least 2,000 feet above the airport elevation. When an airport meets either of the above criteria, terrain will be charted by gradient tints of brown on all IAPs for that air­ port. Contour layers will be shown in no more than five brown tints, with consecutively darker tints used for consecutively higher elevation contour layers. Hydrography (Water) Water Depiction is depicted in grey, in the planview portion of IAPs. See previous example. The following hydrographic features are shown: • Oceans • Significant rivers and streams • Significant lakes - If only one river or one small lake is involved, not located in the immediate airport vicinity, the hydrographic information requirement may be waived. International Boundary

When the planview includes a boundary of another country the International boundaries are shown by a dashed line. International boundaries are identified with country name within the country area. 111 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Obstacles Procedural obstacles specifically indicated for charting by the approving authority will be charted. Obstacles identified as vegetation or ships will be indicated by a doubtful accuracy symbol following the elevation value.

Procedure Obstacle Special Use Airspace (SUA)

SUAs consists of that airspace wherein activities must be confined because of their nature, or wherein limitations are imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activi­ ties, or both. These are prohibited areas, restricted areas, warning areas, Military Operations Areas (MOAs), and alert areas. SUA that falls within the area of coverage of the instrument approach procedure chart are shown only when designated by the approving authority. Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) ADIZ is an area of airspace in which the identification, location, and control of aircraft is re­ quired in the interest of national security. When designated by the approving authority, ADIZ boundaries that fall within the area of coverage of the chart are shown. Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) MSAs are published for emergency use on IAP charts. MSAs appear in the planview of all IAPs except on approaches for which a Terminal Arrival Area (TAA) is used. The MSA is based on the primary NAVAID, waypoint, or airport reference point on which the IAP is predicated. The MSA depiction on the approach chart contains the identifier of the NAVAID/way­ point/airport used to determine the MSA altitudes. MSAs are expressed in feet above mean sea level and normally have a 25 NM radius; however, this radius may be expanded to 30 NM if necessary to encompass the airport landing surfaces. Ideally, a single sector altitude is established and depicted on the planview of approach charts; however, when necessary to obtain relief from obstructions, the area may be further sectored and as many as four MSAs established. When estab­ lished, sectors may be no less than 90° in spread. MSAs provide 1,000 feet clearance over all obstructions but do not necessarily assure acceptable navigation signal coverage.

Single MSA Multiple MSA’s 112 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Terminal Arrival Areas (TAAs) The TAA icons will be positioned in the planview relative to their relationship to the procedure. The icon will not have feeder routes, airways, or radar vectors depicted. The TAA provides a transition from the enroute structure to the terminal environment with little required pilot/air traffic control interface for aircraft equipped with Area Navigation (RNAV) systems. A standard TAA has three areas: straight-in, left base, and right base. The arc boundaries of the three areas of the TAA are published portions of the approach. A TAA provides minimum altitudes with standard obstacle clearance when operat­ ing within the TAA boundaries. TAAs are primarily used on RNAV approaches but may be used on an ILS approach when RNAV is the sole means for navigation to the IF; however, they are not normally used in areas of heavy concentration of air traffic.

Example of Standard TAA Non-standard TAAs may also be published; i.e., one base leg, no base legs. Example of Non-Standard TAA 113 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Helicopter (Copter) Procedures Copter procedures may contain either a visual or a VFR segment. Visual segments are depicted using the dashed line symbol below.

Visual Flight Segment VFR Segments are not depicted with a line, but include the reference bearing and distance information at the endpoint of the VFR Segment, when provided, as shown below.

Example of Copter with VFR Segment (JFK) 114 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

MISSED APPROACH INFORMATION Missed approach information is shown in 3 locations on the chart: • The Middle Briefing Strip - The complete textual missed approach instructions are provided at the top of the ap­ proach chart in the middle pilot briefing strip. • The Planview - The missed approach track is drawn using a thin, hash marked line with a directional arrow. If any portion of the missed approach procedure track is off the chart, the missed approach track shall extend to the chart border. Missed approach holding patterns that lie outside the geographic parameters of the planview and are unable to be shown with a scale break will be shown as a boxed inset. All alternate missed approach holding patterns will be shown in an inset. • The Profile Box - Missed Approach Icons will be depicted in the upper left or upper right of the profile box. The Missed Approach Icons are intended to provide quick, at a glance intuitive guidance to the pilot, to supplement the textual missed approach instructions in the briefing strip. Space permitting, all textual missed approach in­ structions will be graphically depicted in sequence. If space does not permit the depiction of all missed approach icons, only the first four icon boxes will be shown. Example Missed Approach Icons Missed Approach Text MISSED APPROACH: Climb to 13000 on RIL VOR/DME R-250 to TEKGU INT/RIL 19 DME and on EKR VOR/DME R-179 to WOKPA/EKR 44.2 DME and hold, continue climb-in- hold to 13000. MISSED APPROACH: Climbing left turn to 8000 via SVC R-128, then reverse course to SVC VOR/DME and hold. MISSED APPROACH: Climb to 9000 on track 112° to JETRY, cross JETRY at or above 6700, and on track 112° to PAKPE, right turn to WULKU, and on track 289° to JNC VOR/DME and hold. MISSED APPROACH: Climb to 14000 via 174° course to HOMDU and via 160° track to DEVEC and 160° track to FTI VORTAC and hold. MISSED APPROACH: Climb to 5800, then climbing left turn to 10000 via heading 190° and SVC VOR/DME R-193 to KUNRE INT/SVC VOR/DME 24.1 DME and hold. 115 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

PROFILE VIEW A profile diagram of the instrument approach procedure is shown below the planview. The published descent profile and graphical depiction of the vertical path using those facilities, intersections, fixes, etc. identified in the procedure to the runway are shown. A profile view of the procedure track is shown. The approach track begins toward the top of the pri­ mary facility line, unless otherwise dictated by the procedure, and shall descend to where the final approach ends and the missed approach begins. When a reference mark (*, **, #, etc.) is shown in the profile, the qualifying footnote is provided within the profile section.

116 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Precision Approaches On precision approaches, the glideslope (GS) intercept altitude is illustrated by a zigzag line and an altitude. This is the minimum altitude for GS interception after completion of the procedure turn. Precision approach profiles also depict the GS angle of descent, threshold crossing height (TCH) and GS altitude at the outer marker (OM) or designated fix. The missed approach track is symbolized using the hatched line pattern. Where separate missed approach points exist for precision and non-precision approaches on the same chart, e.g., ILS and LOC, the track will be shown from the precision point only. Traditional (NAVAID) Approach RNAV Approach Non-Precision Approaches On non-precision approaches, the final segment begins at the Final Approach Fix (FAF), which is identified with the Mal­ tese cross symbol . When no FAF is depicted, the final approach point is the point at which the aircraft is established in­ bound on the final approach course. Stepdown fixes may also be provided between the FAF and the airport for authorizing a lower minimum descent altitude (MDA) and are depicted with the fix or facility name and a dashed line. Altitude restric­ tions at stepdown fixes on the final approach on procedures with both precision and non-precision minima are not appli­ cable to precision (ILS, LPV, or LNAV/VNAV) use of the approach. On non-precision only approach procedures, the ap­ proach track descends to the MDA or VDP point, thence horizontally to the missed approach point. The missed approach track on non-precision approaches is symbolized using the hatched line pattern and begins at the missed approach point. Traditional (NAVAID) Approach RNAV Approach Visual Decent Point (VDP) The Visual Descent Point (VDP), is shown by a bold letter “V” positioned above the procedure track and centered on the accompanying dashed line. (See example below.) The VDP is a defined point on the final approach course of a non- precision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced.

117 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Vertical Descent Angle (VDA) and Threshold Crossing Heights (TCH) A VDA and TCH may be published on non-precision approaches. For Copter approach procedures, a Heliport Crossing Height (HCH) will be depicted in place of the TCH. The VDA is strictly advisory and provides a means to establish a stabi­ lized descent to the MDA. The presence of a VDA does not guarantee obstacle protection in the visual segment. If there are obstacles in the visual segment that could cause an aircraft to destabilize the approach between MDA and touchdown, the profile will not show a VDA and will instead show a note that states “Visual Segment-Obstacles”. Visual Flight Path Instrument approach procedures, including Copter approach procedures, that terminate or have missed approaches prior to the airport, and are authorized to proceed visual, shall depict the visual segment by the dashed line symbol from the missed approach point to the airport. The note “Fly visual” (“Proceed visually” on Copter procedures) along with the bear­ ing and distance shall be shown leadered to the visual flight path. RNAV charts sometimes have visual flight for LNAV/VNAV minima that do not start at the missed approach point. An ad­ ditional note indicating “LNAV/VNAV” will be placed above the note. Copter approach procedures with a VFR segment from the missed approach point will not depict the VFR segment with a line in the profile. The note similar to “Proceed VFR from MAP” will be shown. Copter VFR Segment Chart Examples Traditional (NAVAID) Approach RNAV Approach

ILS Glide Slope and RNAV Glidepath A note providing the glide slope (GS) or glidepath (GP) angle and the threshold crossing height (TCH), are positioned in the lower half of the profile box • GS will be shown on all ILS procedures. • GP will be shown GLS procedures and all RNAV procedures with a published decision altitude Threshold Crossing Height (TCH) has been traditionally used in “precision” approaches as the height of the glide slope above threshold. With publication of LNAV/VNAV minimums and RNAV descent angles, including graphically depicted descent profiles, TCH also applies to the height of the “descent angle,” or glidepath, at the threshold. 118 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

34:1 Surface Clear Symbol On RNAV approach charts, a small shaded arrowhead shaped symbol from the end of the VDA to the runway indicates that the 34:1 Obstacle Clearance Surface (OCS) for the visual segment is clear of obstacles. The absence of the symbol indicates that the 34:1 OCS is not clear or a Visual Segment-Obstacles note is indicated on the chart. (See example in VDP Section.) Secondary Airports Airports other than the airport of intended landing will be shown when requested and will be portrayed in the same manner as the primary airport. It will be placed in its approximate location along the final approach course.

119 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

LANDING MINIMUMS The landing minimums section is positioned directly below the profile. This section gives the pilot the lowest altitude and visibility requirements for the approach. There are two types of landing minimums: Straight-in landing or Circling. Straight- in landing minimums are the MDA and visibility, or DA and visibility, required for a straight-in landing on a specified runway. Circling minimums are the MDA and visibility required for the circle-to-land maneuver. The minimums for straight-in and circling are located under each aircraft category. When there is not a division line be­ tween minimums for each category, the minimums apply to two or more categories.

A second category of straight-in minimums called "sidestep" may be depicted where parallel runways exist.

The terms used to describe the minimum approach altitudes differ between precision and nonprecision approaches. Preci­ sion approaches use DA and nonprecision approaches use MDA, both expressed in feet MSL. The minimum approach altitudes are also referenced to height above touchdown elevation (HAT) for straight-in approaches, or height above airport (HAA) for circling approaches. The figures listed parenthetically are for military operations and are not used in civil aviation. The visibility values are shown after the DA or MDA. They are provided in statue miles or runway visual range (RVR). RVR is reported in hundreds of feet. If the visibility is in statute miles, there is an altitude number, hyphen, whole or fractional number, e.g. 530-1. This indicates 530 feet MSL and 1 statute mile of visibility. The RVR value is separated from the minimum altitude with a slash, e.g., 1540/24. This indicates 1540 feet MSL and RVR of 2400 feet. When an RVR value is shown, the comparable statute mile equivalent is shown within the military minimums in parentheses as shown in the examples above. This value is determined from the Comparable Values of RVR and Visibility table located in the TPP Legend. 120 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

If a visibility adjustment is required for a procedure with an RVR value, the RVR value should first be converted to visibility using this table. The visibility should then be increased by the adjustment value, and then may be converted back to the highest RVR value associated with that visibility. For example, if a procedure with 2000 RVR requires a 1/8 mile adjust­ ment, first convert 2000 RVR to 1/2 SM. Adding 1/8 SM results in 5/8 SM, which may then be converted to 3500 RVR. When a reference mark (*, **, #, etc.) is shown on a line of minimums, the qualifying footnote is provided in the notes sec­ tion. AIRPORT SKETCH

The airport sketch is a depiction of the airport with emphasis on runway pattern and related information, positioned in either the lower left or lower right corner of the chart to aid pi­ lot recognition of the airport from the air and to provide some information to aid on ground navigation of the airport. The runways are drawn to scale and oriented to true north. Runway dimensions (length and width) are shown for all active runways. Runway(s) are depicted based on what type and construction of the runway. Hard Surface Other Than Hard Surface Metal Surface Closed Runway Under Construction Stopways, Taxiways, Parking Areas Displaced Threshold Closed Pavement Water Runway Taxiways, aprons, and hardstands are only shown at airports that do not have a published airport diagram.Other run­ way features that may be shown are runway numbers, runway dimensions, runway slope, arresting gear, and displaced threshold. Other information concerning lighting, airport beacon, control tower, NAVAIDs, and helipads may also be shown. The final approach course or an extension of the final approach course will be shown on all IAPs except ILS CAT II, ILS CAT II & III, ILS SA CAT I, ILS SA CAT II, and ILS SA CAT I & II. 121 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Airport Elevation and Touchdown Zone Elevation The airport elevation is shown enclosed within a box in the upper left corner of the sketch box and the touchdown zone elevation (TDZE) is shown in the upper right corner of the sketch box. The airport elevation is the highest point of an airport’s usable runways measured in feet from mean sea level. The TDZE is the highest elevation in the first 3,000 feet of the landing surface. Circling only approaches will not show a TDZE. Runway Declared Distance Information Runway declared distance information when available will be indicated by and is shown to the right of the airport elevation in the sketch box. Declared distances for a runway represent the maximum distances available and suitable for meeting takeoff and landing distance performance requirements. Runway Lights

Notes regarding approach lighting systems are shown at the bottom of the sketch box. Runway lights (HIRL) (MIRL) (LIRL) (TDZL) (TDZL/RCLS) shall be indicated by a note, e.g. HIRL Rwy 9-27. Pilot capability to acitvate the airport light­ ing is shown using a symbol. Other approach lighting is shown on the airport sketch as a symbol on the side of the runway where they are actually located. Symbols that are shown in negative indicate pilot-controlled lighting. Runway centerline lights (RCLS) are installed on some precision approach runways to facili­ tate landing under adverse visibility conditions. They are located along the runway centerline and are spaced at 50 foot intervals. Runways with RCLS are shown in a negative dot pattern through the middle of the solid runway as illustrated in the airport sketch to right. Runway centerline lights will be indicated by a note only when pilot controlled or when paired with TDZL, e.g., TDZL/RCLS Rwys 10 and 33L. Time/Distance Table When applicable, a Time/Distance Table is provided below the airport sketch. The table pro­ vides the distance and time that is required from the final approach fix to the missed approach point for select groundspeeds. Base Information (Copter Approaches Only) Base Information, as required and necessary to identify the MAP area and in the vicinity of the landing area shall be pro­ vided. Information shall be limited to and depict significant visual landmark features at and surrounding the MAP area and the heliport/pad of intended landing. AIRPORT DIAGRAMS Airport Diagrams are specifically designed to assist in the movement of ground traffic at locations with complex runway/ taxiway configurations. Airport Diagrams are not intended for use in approach and landing or departure operations. An airport diagram assists pilots in identifying their location on the airport, thus reducing requests for “progressive taxi instruc­ tions” from controllers.

122 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

Airport Diagram Features: 1. Runways

a. Complete with magnetic head­ ings (including magnetic variation and epoch year) and identifiers. b. Runways under construction shall also be shown. c. Runway dimensions, displaced thresholds, runway end elevations. d. Runway surface composition e. Weight bearing capacity (land­ ing gear configuration or Pavement Classification Number) f. Land and Hold Short (LAHSO) lines, ILS hold lines, Localizer/ Glide Slope Critical Areas. g. Arresting Gear. To include Engi­ neered Materials Arresting System (EMAS). 2. Taxiways, with identifiers. Taxiways under construction shall also be shown. 3. Hot Spot locations. 4. Parking areas, run-up pads, alert areas, landing pads, “Non-Move­ ment” areas (where pilot is NOT under air traffic control), ramps, aprons and hold pads. 5. Turnarounds and run-up areas. 6. Stopways, overruns, and blast pads. 7. Large tanks, including fueling area. 8. Control towers. 9. Airport beacon. 10. Landing direction indicators. 11. Lighting. 12. Navigational Aids (NAVAIDs). 13. Helicopter pads. 14. Radar reflectors. 15. Any building that pilot can taxi to. Other buildings to include terminal/administration and Base operations, fire sta­ tion, NWS, AFSS, FAA, FSDO, ANG, USCG, FBO. 16. Comm Frequencies.

Note: Star when used in the Comm Frequencies indicates part-time status. Check Chart Supplement for times of operation. 123 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms

124 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms Runway Construction Paved or hard surfaced runways consisting of concrete, asphalt, bitumen, or macadam are shown in solid color. Metal surfaced runways are shown using a solid color crosshatch pattern. Ultralight areas, ski landing areas, unpaved or runway other than hard surface, such as sod, clay, gravel, etc., is shown using a solid color dot pattern. Further details regarding runway surface and surface treatment can be found in the Chart Supplement. Runway construction is depicted as follows: Hard Surface Other Than Hard Surface Metal Surface Closed Runway Under Construction Taxiways, Parking Areas Displaced Threshold Closed Pavement Water Runway Stopways, Overruns, Blast Pads Hot Spots Hot Spots (HS) are a runway safety related problem area or intersection on an airport. Typically it is a complex or confus­ ing taxiway/taxiway or taxiway/runway intersection. A confusing condition may be compounded by a miscommunication between a controller and a pilot, and may cause an aircraft separation standard to be compromised. The area may have a history of surface incidents or the potential for surface incidents. Hot Spots are indicated on the Airport Diagram with a brown open circle or ellipse leadered to a Hot Spot number, e.g., HS 1. The number corresponds to a listing and description on the Hot Spot page in the front the TPP. More information and the location of Hot Spots can be found at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dtpp/search/. DEPARTURE PROCEDURES (DPs) Departure Procedures (DPs) are designed specifically to assist pilots in avoiding obstacles during the climb to the mini­ mum enroute altitude, and/or airports that have civil IFR takeoff minimums other than standard. There are two types of DPs: Obstacle Departure Procedures (ODPs), printed either textually or graphically and Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs), always printed graphically. SIDs are primarily designed for system enhancement and to reduce pilot/controller workload, and require ATC clearance. ODPs provide obstruction clearance via the least onerous route from the terminal area and may be flown without ATC clearance. All DPs provide the pilot with a safe departure from the airport and transi­ tion to the enroute structure. Generally, DP charts are depicted “not to scale” due to the great distances involved on some procedures or route seg­ ments. A “to scale” portrayal may be used if readability is assured. The DP will show the departure routing, including transitions to the appropriate enroute structure. All routes, turns, alti­ tudes, NAVAIDs, facilities forming intersections and fixes, and those facilities terminating the departure route are shown. A textual description of the departure procedure is also provided. For RNAV DPs, the transition text consists of the transition name and associated computer code. On non-RNAV DPs, the transition text will also include the description of all turns, altitudes, radials, bearings and facilities/fixes needed to guide the user from the common departure point to the terminat­ ing facility fix.

FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Terms 125 Copter DPs may also include a visual or VFR segment. Visual segments are depicted using the dashed line symbol be­ low.

Visual Flight Segment VFR Segments are not depicted with a line, but include the reference bearing and distance information at the endpoint of the VFR Segment, when provided, as shown below.

Example of Copter with VFR Segment STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STARs) CHARTS STARs are pre-planned Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) air traffic control arrival procedures for pilot use in graphic and/or tex­ tual form. STARs depict prescribed routes to transition the aircraft from the enroute structure to a fix in the terminal area from which an instrument approach can be conducted. STARs reduce pilot/controller workload and air-ground communi­ cations, minimizing error potential in delivery and receipt of clearances. STAR charts generally shall be depicted ‘not to scale’ due to the great distances involved on many procedures and route segments. A ‘to scale’ depiction may be used only if readability is assured. The STAR will show the arrival routing, including transitions from the appropriate enroute structure. All routes, turns, altitudes, NAVAIDs, facilities forming intersections and fixes, and those facilities/fixes terminating or beginning the arrival route shall be shown in the graphic depiction. A textual description of the arrival procedure is also provided. For RNAV STARs, transition text will consist of the transition name and associated computer code. For non-RNAV STARs, the transi­ tion text will also include a description of all turns, altitudes, radials, bearings and facilities/fixes needed to guide the user from the entry point to the common facility/fix. CHARTED VISUAL FLIGHT PROCEDURE (CVFP) CHARTS CVFPs are charted visual approaches established for environmental/noise considerations, and/or when necessary for the safety and efficiency of air traffic operations. The approach charts depict prominent landmarks, courses, and recommend­ ed altitudes to specific runways. CVFPs are designed to be used primarily for turbojet aircraft. CVFPs are not instrument approaches and do not have missed approach segments. CVFPs are named for the primary landmark and the specific runway for which the procedure is developed, such as: RIVER VISUAL RWY 18, STADIUM VISUAL RWY 24. The CVFP charts are divided into planview and notes sections separated by a bar scale in 1 NM increments. The planview of the CVFP includes the portrayal of visual approach proce­ dures information, such as landmarks, NAVAIDs, visual track, hydrography, special use airspace and cultural features, as applicable. CVFPs originate at or near, and are designed around, prominent visual landmarks and typically do not extend beyond 15 flight path miles from the landing runway. Visual tracks start at a geographical point or landmark where the procedure must be flown visually to the airport. The visual track is indicated by a dashed line. Visual tracks may include the track value, distance and minimum or recommended altitudes.

126 U.S. TERMINAL PROCEDURES PUBLICATION SYMBOLS GENERAL INFORMATION Symbols shown are for the Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP), which includes Standard Terminal Arrival (STARs) Charts, Departure Procedures (DPs), Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) and Airport Diagrams. PLANVIEW SYMBOLS

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FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Symbols 127 PLANVIEW SYMBOLS (Continued)

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128 PROFILE VIEW

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FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Symbols STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL (STAR) CHARTS 129

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DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP) CHARTS 130

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FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Symbols 131 AIRPORT DIAGRAM/AIRPORT SKETCH

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132 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

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FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Symbols 133 APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM (Continued)

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FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP) - Symbols 134

REFERENCES There are several references available from the FAA to aid pilots and other interest parties to learn more about FAA Charts and other aspects of aviation. Publication FAA Publication ID Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) URL: http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ Airplane Flying Handbook URL: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/ airplane_handbook/ FAA-H-8083-3A Helicopter Flying Handbook

URL: http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/heli­ copter_flying_handbook/ FAA-H-8083-21A Instrument Procedures Handbook

URL: http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/in­ strument_procedures_handbook/ FAA-H-8083-16B Instrument Flying Handbook

URL: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/regulations_policies/handbooks_ manuals/aviation/FAA-H-8083-15B.pdf FAA-H-8083-15B Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

URL: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/ phak/ FAA-H-8083-25B Remote Pilot - Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Study Guide URL: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/regulations_policies/handbooks_ manuals/aviation/remote_pilot_study_guide.pdf FAA-G-8082-22

135 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - References

136 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - References

A AAF - Army Air Field AAS - Airport Advisory Service AAUP - Attention All Users Page AC - Advisory Circular ADF - Automatic Direction Finder ADIZ - Air Defense Identification Zone ADS - Automatic Dependent Surveillance ADS-B - Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Advsry - Advisory AFB - Air Force Base AFIS - Automatic Flight Information Service AFS - Air Force Station AFSS - Automated Flight Service Station AGL - Above Ground Level AIM - Aeronautical Information Manual AIRAC - Aeronautical Information Regulation And Control AK - Alaska AL - Approach and Landing ANG - Air National Guard APP - Approach APP CON - Approach Control APP CRS - Approach Course Apt - Airport APV - Approaches with Vertical Guidance ARP - Airport Reference Point ARTCC - Air Route Traffic Control Center ASDA - Accelerate-Stop Distance Available ASDE-X - Airport Surface Detection Equipment-Model X ASOS - Automated Surface Observing Station ASR - Airport Surveillance Radar ATC - Air Traffic Control ATIS - Automatic Terminal Information Service ATS - Air Traffic Service AUNICOM - Automated Aeronautical Advisory Station AWOS - Automated Weather Observing Station B Baro-VNAV - Barometric Vertical Navigation BS - Broadcast Station C CAC - Caribbean Aeronautical Chart CAT - Category CFA - Controlled Firing Areas CFR - Code of Federal Regulations CH - Channel CLNC DEL - Clearance Delivery CNF - Computer Navigation Fix COP - Changeover Point CPDLC - Controller Pilot Data Link Communication CRS - Course CT - Control Tower CTAF - Common Traffic Advisory Frequency CVFP - Charted Visual Flight Procedure CZ - Control Zone (Canada)

D DA - Decision Altitude DA - Density Altitude D-ATIS - Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service DH - Decision Height DME - Distance Measuring Equipment DND - Department of National Defense (Canada) DoD - Department of Defense DOF - Digital Obstacle File DP - Departure Procedure DT - Daylight Savings Time DVA - Diverse Vector Area E E - East EFAS - Enroute Flight Advisory Service EFB - Electronic Flight Bag Elev - Elevation EMAS - Engineered Materials Arresting System F FAA - Federal Aviation Administration FAF - Final Approach Fix FAP - Final Approach Point FAR - Federal Aviation Regulation FBO - Fixed-Based Operator FIR - Flight Information Region FL - Flight Level FLIP - Flight Information Publication FMS - Flight Management System FREQ - Frequency FRZ - Flight Restricted Zone FSDO - Flight Standards District Office FSS - Flight Service Station G GBAS - Ground-Based Augmentation System GCO - Ground Communications Outlet GLS - GBAS Landing System GND - Ground GND CON - Ground Control GNSS - Global Navigation Satellite System GP - Glide Path GPS - Global Positioning System GS - Glide Slope GS - Ground Speed ABBREVIATIONS 137 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Abbreviations

H HAA - Height Above Airport HAR - High Altitude Redesign HAT - Height Above Touchdown HCH - Heliport Crossing Height HF - High Frequency HIRL - High Intensity Runway Lights HS - Hot Spot I IAC - Interagency Air Committee IACC - Interagency Air Cartographic Committee IAF - Initial Approach Fix IAP - Instrument Approach Procedure ICAO - International Civil Aviation Authority IDT - Identifier IF - Intermediate Fix IFR - Instrument Flight Rules ILS - Instrument Landing System IMC - Instrument Meteorological Conditions INS - Inertial Navigation System IR - Instrument Route (Military) IRU - Inertial Reference Unit J JO - Joint Order K KIAS - Knots L LAA - Local Airport Advisory LAAS - Local Area Augmentation System LAHSO - Land and Hold Short LDA - Landing Distance Available LDA - Localizer-type Directional Aid Ldg - Landing LF - Low Frequency LIRL - Low Intensity Runway Lights LNAV - Lateral Navigation LOC - Localizer LOM - Locator Outer Marker LPV - Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance LRRS - Long Range Radar Station LTP - Landing Threshold Point M MAA - Maximum Authorized Altitude MAP - Missed Approach Point MCA - Minimum Crossing Altitude MCAS - Marine Corps Air Station MDA - Minimum Descent Altitude MDH - Minimum Descent Height MEA - Minimum Enroute Altitude MEF - Maximum Elevation Figure MF - Medium Frequency MIA - Minimum IFR Altitude MIRL - Medium Intensity Runway Lights MOA - Military Operations Areas MOCA - Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude MON - Minimum Operational Network MORA - Minimum Off-Route Altitude MRA - Minimum Reception Altitude MSA - Minimum Safe Altitude MSL - Mean Sea Level MTA - Minimum Turning Altitude MTR - Military Training Route MVA - Minimum Vector Altitude N N - North N/A - Not Applicable NA - Not Authorized NAAS - Naval Auxiliary Air Station NAS - Naval Air Station NAS - National Airspace System NAV - Naval Air Facility NAVAID - Navigational Aid (Ground based) NDB - Non-Directional Radiobeacon NextGen - Next Generation Air Transportation System NFDC - National Flight Data Center NFPO - National Flight Procedures Office NM - Nautical Mile NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NO A/G - No Air-to-Ground Communication NOTAM - Notice to Airmen NoPT - No Procedure Turn NPA - Non-Precision Approach NWS - National Weather Service O OAT - Outside Air Temperature OBS - Omni Bearing Selector OCA - Ocean Control Area OCS - Obstacle Clearance Surface ODP - Obstacle Departure Procedure OM - Outer Marker OROCA - Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude P PA - Precision Approach PAR - Precision Approach Radar PBN - Performance-Based Navigation PRM - Precision Runway Monitor PT - Procedure Turn PTP - Point-to-Point Pvt - Private 138 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Abbreviations

R R - Radial R - Receive R - Restricted Area (Special Use Airspace) RCO - Remote Communications Outlet RCLS - Runway Centerline Lighting Systems RF - Radius-to-Fix RNAV - Area Navigation RNP - Required Navigation Performance RNP AR - Required Navigation Performance Authorization Required ROC - Required Obstacle Clearance RP - Right Pattern RVR - Runway Visual Range RVSM - Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum Rwy - Runway S S - South SAAAR - Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required SAAR - Special Aircraft and Aircrew Requirements SATNAV - Satellite Navigation SDF - Simplified Directional Facility SER - Start End of Runway SFAR - Special Flight Rules Area SFC - Surface SFRA - Special Flight Rules Area SIAPs - Standard Instrument Approach Procedures SID - Standard Instrument Departure SM - Statute Mile SMAR - Special Military Activity Routes SMGCS - Surface Movement Guidance and Control System SOIA - Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approaches SSV - Standard Service Volume STAR - Standard Terminal Arrival Procedure SUA - Special Use Airspace SVFR - Special Visual Flight Rules T T - Transmit TA - Travel Advisory TAA - Terminal Arrival Area TAC - Terminal Area Chart TACAN - Tactical Air Navigation TAS - True Air Speed TCA - Terminal Control Areas (Canada) TCH - Threshold Crossing Height TDZ - Touchdown Zone TDZE - Touchdown Zone Elevation TDZL - Touchdown Zone Lights TERPS - U.S. Standard for Terminal Instrument Procedures TFR - Temporary Flight Restriction TIBS - Telephone Information Briefing Service TIS-B - Traffic Information Service - Broadcast TOC - Top of Climb TOD - Top of Descent TODA - Takeoff Distance Available TOGA - Takeoff/Go Around TORA - Takeoff Runway Available TPP - Terminal Procedures Publication TRSA - Terminal Radar Service Area TWR - Tower U UC - Under Construction UHF - Ultra High Frequency UIR - Upper Information Region UNICOM - Universal Communications U.S. - United States USA - United States Army USAF - United States Air Force USCG - United State Coast Guard UTA - Upper Control Area V VCOA - Visual Climb Over Airport / Airfield VDA - Vertical Descent Angle VDP - Visual Decent Point VFR - Visual Flight Rules VGSI - Visual Glide Slope Indicator VHF - Very High Frequency VMC - Visual Meteorological Conditions VNAV - Vertical Navigation VOR - VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range VORTAC - VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range/Tactical Air Navigation VPA - Vertical Path Angle VR - Visual Route (Military) W W - Warning Area (Special Use Airspace) W - West WAAS - Wide-Area Augmentation System WAC - World Aeronautical Chart WP - Waypoint WX CAM - Weather Camera (Alaska) 139 FAA Chart Users’ Guide - Abbreviations